Update Japanese verbs page for causative and passive forms.
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@ -4,8 +4,9 @@
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2. [非意志動詞 Non-Volitional Verbs](#非意志動詞)
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3. [他動詞 Transitive Verbs](#他動詞)
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4. [自動詞 Intransitive Verbs](#自動詞)
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5. [受身形 Passive from](#受身形)
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6. [使役形 Causative form](#使役形)
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5. [使役形 Causative form](#使役形)
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6. [受身形 Passive from](#受身形)
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7. [使役受身形 Causative-passive form](#使役受身形)
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This page contains my notes on verb conjugation in Japanese.
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@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ Transitive verbs act upon a direct object and require one to express what the ac
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* ドアを開ける。 - "I open the door."
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* Here, ドア is the object directly affected by the action 開ける.
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---
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#### 自動詞
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##### Intransitive Verbs じどうし
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@ -97,149 +99,15 @@ Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object. The action occurs without direct
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---
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#### 受身形
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##### Passive from
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* 笑う to laugh
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* 笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われる"/> to be laughed at *(passive form)*
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* 笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/> was laughed at *(passive form)*
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* あいつは笑った。 He laughed.
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* あいつに笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/>。 He laughed at me. (offending)
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* あいつは私の写真を撮った。
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* He took a picture of me.
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* あいつは私の写真を撮<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。
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* He took a picture of me. (But I do not like that)
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* 好きな人に<Furigana kanji="振" kana="ふ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* My crush dumped/rejected me. (And I am upset)
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* あいつに<Furigana kanji="携帯" kana="けいたい"/>を見<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* He saw my phone. (And I am upset)
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* たくさん食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* (someone) ate so much. (and I am upset about that)
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* 見<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>！
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* They saw me! (I don't like that)
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* 見<Jps colour="c2" text="ちゃった"/>！
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* I saw it! (I regret it / Oh noes!)
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Its not always anger, its a negative feeling.
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* <Furigana kanji="配達" kana="はいたつ"/>の人に歌っているのを<Furigana kanji="聞" kana="き"/>かれた。
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* A deliveryman heard me singing. (And I am emberrassed)
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* <Furigana kanji="隣" kana="となり"/>の人に<Furigana kanji="踊" kana="おど"/>っているのをみられた。
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* My neighbour saw me dancing. (And I am emberrassed)
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Not always is the passive form offensive or negative, its also used to speak from a different perspective;
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* 誕生日を聞<Jps colour="c1" text="かれた"/>。
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* I was asked for my birthday. (...asked me for my birthday)
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* 山田さんに誕生日を聞<Jps colour="c1" text="かれた"/>。
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* Yamada-san asked me for my birthday.
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* 友達に「写真を撮って」って<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/><Jps colour="c1" text="まれた"/>。
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* My friend asked me "please take a picture".
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* 友達に写真を撮るように<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/>まれました。
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* My friend asked me to take a picture.
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Do not use;
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* 友達は私に「写真を撮って」って<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/>んだ。 *It sounds pretty unnatural.*
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* この家<Jps colour="c2" text="は"/>1987年に<Furigana kanji="建" kana="た"/>てられた。
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* This house was built in 1987.
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Note that you do not use the <Jps colour="c2" text="を"/> particle here, you are not annoyed that this house was built.
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* 山田さんに家<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="を"/><Furigana kanji="建" kana="た"/>てられた。
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* Yamada-san built a house (and I am upset).
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---
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Take care, iru and eru verbs conjugate *both* to: ~られる for *Passive* but also for *Potential* forms.
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* 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。 *passive form*
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* (to be eaten, someone eats and I am upset)
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* 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="(ら)れる"/>。 *potential form*
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* (can eat) ら is usually omitted in informal speech.
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* お姉ちゃんに食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。 *passive form*
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* My older sister ate it. (and I am upset)
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* 箸で食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。 *potential form*
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* I can eat with chopsticks.
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This is not the case for every verb though. Check the verbs conjugation rules.
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* ~<Furigana kanji="殴" kana="なぐ"/>られる *passive form*
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* I am hit (and I am upset).
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* ~<Furigana kanji="殴" kana="なぐ"/>れる *potential form*
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* I can hit.
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* 買われる *passive form*
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* someone buys (and I am upset).
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* 買える *potential form*
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* I can buy.
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* 言われる *passive form*
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* someone says (and I am upset).
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* 言える *potential form*
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* I can say.
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* ばかって言<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/>。
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* I was told I am stupid.
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* 彼女に料理がまずかったって言われた。
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* My girlfriend told me that the food I made tasted bad (and I am upset).
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* 窓が開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。 *potential form*
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* I can open the window (because of strong wind).
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* 窓を開けるよ。
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* I can open it (I will do it for you).
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* 窓は開いています。 *intransitive verb*
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* The window is open.
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* 窓は開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。 *passive form*
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* The window was opened.
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* 窓<Jps colour="c2" text="は"/>山田さん<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* The window was opened by Yamada-san.
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* 山田さん<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>窓<Jps colour="c2" text="を"/>開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* Yamada-san opened the window (and I am upset).
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Negative forms:
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* 食べられない。 will not be eaten / cannot eat
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* たべられなかった。 was not eaten / could not eat
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* <Furigana kanji="鹿" kana="しか"/>はライオンに食べられなかった。
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* The deer was not eaten by the lion. Told from perspective of the deer.
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* ライオンは<Furigana kanji="鹿" kana="しか"/>を食べなかった。
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* Same meaning, but told from perspective of the lion.
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Irregular verbs:
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* ~する > される *passive form*
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* ネタバレされた。 Someone spoiled (the story) (and I am upset).
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* <Furigana kanji="浮気" kana="うわき"/>された。
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* Someone cheated on me (and I am upset).
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* ~する > できる *potential form*
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* 料理できる。 I can cook.
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* ~<Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る > <Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>られる *passive form*
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* ~<Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る > <Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>られる *potential form*
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###### 関係する動画
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* [PASSIVE form┃-られた (rareta)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPOA3OYFnj4) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
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---
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#### 使役形
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##### Causative form
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* 食べる > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させます"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody eat.
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* 食べる > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させない"/> > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させません"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="not make"/> somebody eat.
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* 食べる > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させます"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody eat.
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* 食べる > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させない"/> > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させません"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="not make"/> somebody eat.
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* 友達にケーキを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させた"/>。 I <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> my friend eat a cake.
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* 子供に野菜を食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させません"/>。 I <Jps colour="c1" text="do not force"/> my children to eat vegetables.
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* 見る > 見させる To make somebody watch.
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* 見る > 見<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody watch.
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* みさはみんなに<Furigana kanji="名探偵" kana="めいたんてい"/>ピカチュウの映画を見<Jps colour="c1" text="させた"/>。
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* Misa made everyone watch the [Detective Pikachu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Pikachu_(film)) film.
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@ -253,40 +121,64 @@ Irregular verbs:
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* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>は<Furigana kanji="後輩" kana="こうはい"/>にお酒を飲ませた。
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* Senpai <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> kouhai drink alcohol.
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* 立つ > 立たない Do not stand.
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Conjugate to the negative form and add せる。
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* 立つ > 立<Jps underline=true text="た"/>ない Do not stand.
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* 立つ > 立<Jps colour="c1" text="たせる"/>、立<Jps colour="c1" text="たせた"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make/made"/> someone stand.
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* 先生は学生に立<Jps colour="c1" text="たせました"/>。
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* The teacher <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> the student stand.
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* 待つ > 待<Jps colour="c1" text="たせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody wait.
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* お待たせしました！
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* お待<Jps colour="c1" text="たせしました"/>！
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* 写真を撮る > 写真を撮<Jps colour="c1" text="らせる"/>。 To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody take a picture.
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* 売る > 売<Jps colour="c1" text="らせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody sell.
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* 乗る > 乗<Jps colour="c1" text="らせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody ride.
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* やる > や<Jps colour="c1" text="らせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody do.
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* 押す > 押<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody push.
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* 話す > 話<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody speak.
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* みさはみんなに日本語<Jps colour="c2" text="で"/>話<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>。
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* Misa <Jps colour="c1" text="makes"/> everyone speak <Jps colour="c2" text="in"/> Japanese.
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* 歌う > 歌わない
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* 遊ぶ > 遊<Jps colour="c1" text="ばせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody play.
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* 読む > 読<Jps colour="c1" text="ませる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody read.
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* 歌う > 歌<Jps underline=true text="わ"/>ない Do not sing.
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* 歌う > 歌<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody sing.
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* 買う > 買<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody buy.
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* 言う > 言<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody say.
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* 笑う > 笑<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody laugh. (It does not mean force, the nuance here that it is a good thing to make someone laugh).
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* 笑う > 笑<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody laugh. *(It does not mean force, the nuance here that it is a good thing to make someone laugh)*.
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Its not always a forced action, it depends on context.
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* お母さんが子供にピーマンを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>。
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* The mother <Jps colour="c1" text="makes / lets"/> the child eat green pepper.
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* 彼女が彼氏にチョコレートを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>。
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* The girl <Jps colour="c1" text="makes / lets"/> her boyfriend eat chocolate.
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**Negative form**
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* ここから<Furigana kanji="先" kana="さき"/>へ行<Jps colour="c1" text="かせません"/>。
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* I will <Jps colour="c1" text="not allow"/> you to go further than here.
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**Irregular verbs**
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* する > <Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody do.
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* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る > <Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody come.
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* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る > <Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody come.
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* 息子に:ゲームを<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>前に、宿題を<Jps colour="c1" text="させた"/>。
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* 息子に:ゲームを<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>前に、<Furigana kanji="宿題" kana="しゅくだい"/>を<Jps colour="c1" text="させた"/>。
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* Before letting my son play a game, I <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> him do homework.
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---
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##### させてあげる、させてくれる、させてもらう
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This adds more of a "let" meaning and makes it sound more like a favour.
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To change the meaning into "to <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> somebody do something", add the following grammar:
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* に<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てあげる"/>。 I <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> somebody do something.
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@ -359,4 +251,232 @@ Usually, the shorter form is just used though:
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* [CAUSATIVE form┃-part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpo7YOytU6c) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
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* [CAUSATIVE form┃-part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dunBnCI1iP0) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
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---
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#### 受身形
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##### Passive from
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* 笑う to laugh
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* 笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われる"/> to be laughed at *(passive form)*
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* 笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/> was laughed at *(passive form)*
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* あいつは笑った。 He laughed.
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* あいつに笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/>。 He laughed at me. *(offending)*
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* あいつは私の写真を撮った。
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* He took a picture of me.
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* あいつは私の写真を撮<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。
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* He took a picture of me. *(But I do not like that)*
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* 好きな人に<Furigana kanji="振" kana="ふ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* My crush dumped/rejected me. *(And I am upset)*
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* あいつに<Furigana kanji="携帯" kana="けいたい"/>を見<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* He saw my phone. *(And I am upset)*
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* たくさん食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* (someone) ate so much. *(and I am upset about that)*
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* ネズミが猫に食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* A rat <Jps colour="c1" text="was eaten"/> by a cat.
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* 私のクッキーが姉に食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* My cookie <Jps colour="c1" text="was eaten"/> by my older sister. *(And I am upset)*
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* 見<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>！
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* They saw me! *(I don't like that)*
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* 見<Jps colour="c2" text="ちゃった"/>！
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* I saw it! *(I regret it / Oh noes!)*
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Its not always anger, its a negative feeling.
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* <Furigana kanji="配達" kana="はいたつ"/>の人に歌っているのを<Furigana kanji="聞" kana="き"/><Jps colour="c1" text="かれた"/>。
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* A deliveryman heard me singing. *(And I am emberrassed)*
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* <Furigana kanji="隣" kana="となり"/>の人に<Furigana kanji="踊" kana="おど"/>っているのを見<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
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* My neighbour saw me dancing. *(And I am emberrassed)*
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Not always is the passive form offensive or negative, its also used to speak from a different perspective;
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* 誕生日を聞<Jps colour="c1" text="かれた"/>。
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* I was asked for my birthday. *(...asked me for my birthday)*
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* 山田さんに誕生日を聞<Jps colour="c1" text="かれた"/>。
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* Yamada-san asked me for my birthday.
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* 友達に「写真を撮って」って<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/><Jps colour="c1" text="まれた"/>。
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* My friend asked me "please take a picture".
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* 友達に写真を撮るように<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/>まれました。
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* My friend asked me to take a picture.
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Do not use;
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* 友達は私に「写真を撮って」って<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/>んだ。 *It sounds pretty unnatural.*
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* この家<Jps colour="c2" text="は"/>1987年に<Furigana kanji="建" kana="た"/>てられた。
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* This house was built in 1987.
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Note that you do not use the <Jps colour="c2" text="を"/> particle here, you are not annoyed that this house was built.
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* 山田さんに家<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="を"/><Furigana kanji="建" kana="た"/>てられた。
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* Yamada-san built a house (and I am upset).
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Take care, iru and eru verbs conjugate *both* to: ~られる for *Passive* but also for *Potential* forms.
|
||||
|
||||
* 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。 *passive form*
|
||||
* (to be eaten, someone eats and I am upset)
|
||||
* 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="(ら)れる"/>。 *potential form*
|
||||
* (can eat) ら is usually omitted in informal speech.
|
||||
|
||||
* お姉ちゃんに食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。 *passive form*
|
||||
* My older sister ate it. *(and I am upset)*
|
||||
* 箸で食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。 *potential form*
|
||||
* I can eat with chopsticks.
|
||||
|
||||
This is not the case for every verb though. Check the verbs conjugation rules.
|
||||
* ~<Furigana kanji="殴" kana="なぐ"/>られる *passive form*
|
||||
* I am hit (and I am upset).
|
||||
* ~<Furigana kanji="殴" kana="なぐ"/>れる *potential form*
|
||||
* I can hit.
|
||||
* 買われる *passive form*
|
||||
* someone buys *(and I am upset)*.
|
||||
* 買える *potential form*
|
||||
* I can buy.
|
||||
* 言われる *passive form*
|
||||
* someone says *(and I am upset)*.
|
||||
* 言える *potential form*
|
||||
* I can say.
|
||||
|
||||
* このキノコは食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。 *potential form*
|
||||
* This mushroom is edible.
|
||||
|
||||
* ばかって言<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/>。
|
||||
* I was told I am stupid.
|
||||
* 彼女に料理がまずかったって言われた。
|
||||
* My girlfriend told me that the food I made tasted bad *(and I am upset)*.
|
||||
|
||||
* 窓が開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。 *potential form*
|
||||
* I can open the window *(because of strong wind)*.
|
||||
* 窓を開けるよ。
|
||||
* I can open it (I will do it for you).
|
||||
* 窓は開いています。 *intransitive verb*
|
||||
* The window is open.
|
||||
* 窓は開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。 *passive form*
|
||||
* The window was opened.
|
||||
* 窓<Jps colour="c2" text="は"/>山田さん<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
|
||||
* The window was opened by Yamada-san.
|
||||
* 山田さん<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>窓<Jps colour="c2" text="を"/>開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。
|
||||
* Yamada-san opened the window *(and I am upset)*.
|
||||
|
||||
**Negative forms**
|
||||
|
||||
* 食べられない。 will not be eaten / cannot eat
|
||||
* たべられなかった。 was not eaten / could not eat
|
||||
|
||||
* <Furigana kanji="鹿" kana="しか"/>はライオンに食べられなかった。
|
||||
* The deer was not eaten by the lion. *(Told from perspective of the deer)*
|
||||
* ライオンは<Furigana kanji="鹿" kana="しか"/>を食べなかった。
|
||||
* Same meaning, but told from perspective of the lion.
|
||||
|
||||
**Irregular verbs**
|
||||
|
||||
* ~する > <Jps colour="c1" text="される"/> *passive form*
|
||||
* ネタバレ<Jps colour="c1" text="された"/>。
|
||||
* Someone spoiled (the story) *(and I am upset)*.
|
||||
* <Furigana kanji="浮気" kana="うわき"/><Jps colour="c1" text="された"/>。
|
||||
* Someone cheated on me *(and I am upset)*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* ~する > <Jps colour="c1" text="できる"/> *potential form*
|
||||
* 料理できる。 I can cook.
|
||||
|
||||
The passive and potential form for 来る is the same, like for other verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る > <Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/> *passive form*
|
||||
* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る > <Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/> *potential form*
|
||||
|
||||
###### 関係する動画
|
||||
|
||||
* [PASSIVE form┃-られた (rareta)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPOA3OYFnj4) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
#### 使役受身形
|
||||
##### Causative-passive form - しえきうけみけい
|
||||
|
||||
* 食べる > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させられる"/> > To <Jps colour="c1" text="be forced to"/> eat.
|
||||
|
||||
* <Jps colour="c2" text="お母さんが"/>子供にピーマンを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>。 *(Passive form)*
|
||||
* The mother <Jps colour="c1" text="makes / lets"/> the child eat green pepper.
|
||||
|
||||
* <Jps colour="c2" text="子供が"/>お母さんにピーマンを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させられる"/>。 *(Causative-passive form)*
|
||||
* The child <Jps colour="c1" text="is forced to"/> eat green pepper by the mother.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
* 日本では、お酒を飲<Jps colour="c1" text="ませられる"/>ことが多い。
|
||||
* In Japan, the event of <Jps colour="c1" text="being made to"/> drink is numerous.
|
||||
|
||||
* 仕事を<Furigana kanji="辞" kana="や"/>め<Jps colour="c1" text="させられた"/>。
|
||||
* I <Jps colour="c1" text="was forced to"/> quit my work.
|
||||
|
||||
* その映画は考え<Jps colour="c1" text="させられる"/>。
|
||||
* That movie <Jps colour="c1" text="makes you"/> think.
|
||||
|
||||
* 僕は<Furigana kanji="支店" kana="してん"/>から<Furigana kanji="支店" kana="してん"/>へと<Furigana kanji="転勤" kana="てんきん"/><Jps colour="c1" text="させられた"/>。
|
||||
* I <Jps colour="c1" text="was forced to"/> transfer from one branch office to another branch office.
|
||||
|
||||
* お父さんにお酒を飲<Jps colour="c1" text="ませられた"/>。
|
||||
* My father <Jps colour="c1" text="made me"/> drink alcohol.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**Causative, passive and causative-passive forms**
|
||||
|
||||
* 食べる > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody eat.
|
||||
* Causative form
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 食べる > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/> To be eaten *(someone eats and I am upset)*.
|
||||
* Passive form
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 食べる > 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させられる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="be forced to"/> eat.
|
||||
* Causative-passive form
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
* 読む > 読<Jps colour="c1" text="ませる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody read.
|
||||
* Causative form
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 読む > 読<Jps colour="c1" text="まれる"/> To be read.
|
||||
* Passive form
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 読む > 読<Jps colour="c1" text="まさられる"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="be forced to"/> read.
|
||||
* Causative-passive form
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
* 起きる > 起きさせられる
|
||||
* 寝る > 寝させられる
|
||||
* 見る > 見させられる
|
||||
* する > させられる
|
||||
|
||||
* 行く > 行かせられる
|
||||
* 書く > 書かせられる
|
||||
|
||||
* 泳ぐ > 泳がせられる
|
||||
|
||||
Note, that there is a difference in **written** and **spoken** forms of the causative-passive forms.
|
||||
|
||||
* 読む > 飲ませられる *(Written)*
|
||||
* 読む > 飲まされる *(Spoken)*
|
||||
* 待つ > 待たせられる *(Written)*
|
||||
* 待つ > 待たされる *(Spoken)*
|
||||
* 言う > 言わせられる *(Written)*
|
||||
* 言う > 言わされる *(Spoken)*
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
###### 関係する動画
|
||||
|
||||
* [Pera Pera Class #2】SARERU, SASERU, SASERARERU - Passive, Causative, Causative-Passive form JAPANESE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA-Fo-xjdRg) by: [Okaeri SCHOOL](https://www.youtube.com/@OkaeriSCHOOL)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user