diff --git a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/verbs.md b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/verbs.md index c1336d2..ccf01a2 100644 --- a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/verbs.md +++ b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/verbs.md @@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ 2. [非意志動詞 Non-Volitional Verbs](#非意志動詞) 3. [他動詞 Transitive Verbs](#他動詞) 4. [自動詞 Intransitive Verbs](#自動詞) -5. [受身形 Passive from](#受身形) -6. [使役形 Causative form](#使役形) +5. [使役形 Causative form](#使役形) +6. [受身形 Passive from](#受身形) +7. [使役受身形 Causative-passive form](#使役受身形) This page contains my notes on verb conjugation in Japanese. @@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ Transitive verbs act upon a direct object and require one to express what the ac * ドアを開ける。 - "I open the door." * Here, ドア is the object directly affected by the action 開ける. +--- #### 自動詞 ##### Intransitive Verbs じどうし @@ -97,149 +99,15 @@ Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object. The action occurs without direct --- -#### 受身形 -##### Passive from - -* 笑う to laugh -* 笑 to be laughed at *(passive form)* -* 笑 was laughed at *(passive form)* - -* あいつは笑った。 He laughed. -* あいつに笑。 He laughed at me. (offending) - -* あいつは私の写真を撮った。  -* He took a picture of me. -* あいつは私の写真を撮。  -* He took a picture of me. (But I do not like that) - -* 好きな人に。  -* My crush dumped/rejected me. (And I am upset) -* あいつにを見。  -* He saw my phone. (And I am upset) -* たくさん食べ。  -* (someone) ate so much. (and I am upset about that) - -* 見!  -* They saw me! (I don't like that) -* 見!  -* I saw it! (I regret it / Oh noes!) - -Its not always anger, its a negative feeling. - -* の人に歌っているのをかれた。  -* A deliveryman heard me singing. (And I am emberrassed) -* の人にっているのをみられた。  -* My neighbour saw me dancing. (And I am emberrassed) - -Not always is the passive form offensive or negative, its also used to speak from a different perspective; - -* 誕生日を聞。  -* I was asked for my birthday. (...asked me for my birthday) -* 山田さんに誕生日を聞。  -* Yamada-san asked me for my birthday. - -* 友達に「写真を撮って」って。  -* My friend asked me "please take a picture". -* 友達に写真を撮るようにまれました。  -* My friend asked me to take a picture. - -Do not use; -* 友達は私に「写真を撮って」ってんだ。 *It sounds pretty unnatural.* - -* この家1987年にてられた。  -* This house was built in 1987. - -Note that you do not use the particle here, you are not annoyed that this house was built. - -* 山田さんに家てられた。  -* Yamada-san built a house (and I am upset). - ---- - -Take care, iru and eru verbs conjugate *both* to: ~られる for *Passive* but also for *Potential* forms. - -* 食べ。 *passive form* -* (to be eaten, someone eats and I am upset) -* 食べ。 *potential form* -* (can eat) ら is usually omitted in informal speech. - -* お姉ちゃんに食べ。 *passive form* -* My older sister ate it. (and I am upset) -* 箸で食べ。 *potential form* -* I can eat with chopsticks. - -This is not the case for every verb though. Check the verbs conjugation rules. -* ~られる *passive form* -* I am hit (and I am upset). -* ~れる *potential form*  -* I can hit. -* 買われる *passive form* -* someone buys (and I am upset). -* 買える *potential form*  -* I can buy. -* 言われる *passive form* -* someone says (and I am upset). -* 言える *potential form* -* I can say. - -* ばかって言。  -* I was told I am stupid. -* 彼女に料理がまずかったって言われた。  -* My girlfriend told me that the food I made tasted bad (and I am upset). - -* 窓が開け。 *potential form* -* I can open the window (because of strong wind). -* 窓を開けるよ。 -* I can open it (I will do it for you). -* 窓は開いています。 *intransitive verb* -* The window is open. -* 窓は開け。 *passive form* -* The window was opened. -* 窓山田さん開け。 -* The window was opened by Yamada-san. -* 山田さん開け。 -* Yamada-san opened the window (and I am upset). - -Negative forms: - -* 食べられない。 will not be eaten / cannot eat -* たべられなかった。 was not eaten / could not eat - -* はライオンに食べられなかった。  -* The deer was not eaten by the lion. Told from perspective of the deer. -* ライオンはを食べなかった。  -* Same meaning, but told from perspective of the lion. - -Irregular verbs: - -* ~する > される *passive form* - * ネタバレされた。 Someone spoiled (the story) (and I am upset). - * された。  - * Someone cheated on me (and I am upset). - - -* ~する > できる *potential form* - * 料理できる。 I can cook. - - -* ~る > られる *passive form* -* ~る > られる *potential form* - -###### 関係する動画 - -* [PASSIVE form┃-られた (rareta)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPOA3OYFnj4) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) - ---- - #### 使役形 ##### Causative form -* 食べる > 食べ > 食べ To somebody eat. -* 食べる > 食べ > 食べ To somebody eat. +* 食べる > 食べ > 食べ To somebody eat. +* 食べる > 食べ > 食べ To somebody eat. * 友達にケーキを食べ。 I my friend eat a cake. * 子供に野菜を食べ。 I my children to eat vegetables. -* 見る > 見させる To make somebody watch. +* 見る > 見 To somebody watch. * みさはみんなにピカチュウの映画を見。  * Misa made everyone watch the [Detective Pikachu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Pikachu_(film)) film. @@ -253,40 +121,64 @@ Irregular verbs: * にお酒を飲ませた。  * Senpai kouhai drink alcohol. -* 立つ > 立たない Do not stand. +Conjugate to the negative form and add せる。 + +* 立つ > 立ない Do not stand. * 立つ > 立、立 To someone stand. * 先生は学生に立。  * The teacher the student stand. * 待つ > 待 To somebody wait. -* お待たせしました! +* お待! * 写真を撮る > 写真を撮。 To somebody take a picture. * 売る > 売 To somebody sell. * 乗る > 乗 To somebody ride. +* やる > や To somebody do. * 押す > 押 To somebody push. * 話す > 話 To somebody speak. * みさはみんなに日本語。  * Misa everyone speak Japanese. -* 歌う > 歌わない +* 遊ぶ > 遊 To somebody play. + +* 読む > 読 To somebody read. + +* 歌う > 歌ない Do not sing. * 歌う > 歌 To somebody sing. * 買う > 買 To somebody buy. * 言う > 言 To somebody say. -* 笑う > 笑 To somebody laugh. (It does not mean force, the nuance here that it is a good thing to make someone laugh). +* 笑う > 笑 To somebody laugh. *(It does not mean force, the nuance here that it is a good thing to make someone laugh)*. + +Its not always a forced action, it depends on context. + +* お母さんが子供にピーマンを食べ。 +* The mother the child eat green pepper. + +* 彼女が彼氏にチョコレートを食べ。 +* The girl her boyfriend eat chocolate. + +**Negative form** + +* ここからへ行。 +* I will you to go further than here. + +**Irregular verbs** * する >  To somebody do. -* る >  To somebody come. +* る >  To somebody come. -* 息子に:ゲームを前に、宿題を。  +* 息子に:ゲームを前に、。  * Before letting my son play a game, I him do homework. --- ##### させてあげる、させてくれる、させてもらう +This adds more of a "let" meaning and makes it sound more like a favour. + To change the meaning into "to somebody do something", add the following grammar: * に。 I somebody do something. @@ -359,4 +251,232 @@ Usually, the shorter form is just used though: * [CAUSATIVE form┃-part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpo7YOytU6c) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) * [CAUSATIVE form┃-part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dunBnCI1iP0) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) +--- + +#### 受身形 +##### Passive from + +* 笑う to laugh +* 笑 to be laughed at *(passive form)* +* 笑 was laughed at *(passive form)* + +* あいつは笑った。 He laughed. +* あいつに笑。 He laughed at me. *(offending)* + +* あいつは私の写真を撮った。  +* He took a picture of me. +* あいつは私の写真を撮。  +* He took a picture of me. *(But I do not like that)* + +* 好きな人に。  +* My crush dumped/rejected me. *(And I am upset)* +* あいつにを見。  +* He saw my phone. *(And I am upset)* +* たくさん食べ。  +* (someone) ate so much. *(and I am upset about that)* + +* ネズミが猫に食べ。 +* A rat by a cat. + +* 私のクッキーが姉に食べ。 +* My cookie by my older sister. *(And I am upset)* + +* 見!  +* They saw me! *(I don't like that)* +* 見!  +* I saw it! *(I regret it / Oh noes!)* + +Its not always anger, its a negative feeling. + +* の人に歌っているのを。  +* A deliveryman heard me singing. *(And I am emberrassed)* +* の人にっているのを見。  +* My neighbour saw me dancing. *(And I am emberrassed)* + +Not always is the passive form offensive or negative, its also used to speak from a different perspective; + +* 誕生日を聞。  +* I was asked for my birthday. *(...asked me for my birthday)* +* 山田さんに誕生日を聞。  +* Yamada-san asked me for my birthday. + +* 友達に「写真を撮って」って。  +* My friend asked me "please take a picture". +* 友達に写真を撮るようにまれました。  +* My friend asked me to take a picture. + +Do not use; +* 友達は私に「写真を撮って」ってんだ。 *It sounds pretty unnatural.* + +* この家1987年にてられた。  +* This house was built in 1987. + +Note that you do not use the particle here, you are not annoyed that this house was built. + +* 山田さんに家てられた。  +* Yamada-san built a house (and I am upset). + +--- + +Take care, iru and eru verbs conjugate *both* to: ~られる for *Passive* but also for *Potential* forms. + +* 食べ。 *passive form* +* (to be eaten, someone eats and I am upset) +* 食べ。 *potential form* +* (can eat) ら is usually omitted in informal speech. + +* お姉ちゃんに食べ。 *passive form* +* My older sister ate it. *(and I am upset)* +* 箸で食べ。 *potential form* +* I can eat with chopsticks. + +This is not the case for every verb though. Check the verbs conjugation rules. +* ~られる *passive form* +* I am hit (and I am upset). +* ~れる *potential form*  +* I can hit. +* 買われる *passive form* +* someone buys *(and I am upset)*. +* 買える *potential form*  +* I can buy. +* 言われる *passive form* +* someone says *(and I am upset)*. +* 言える *potential form* +* I can say. + +* このキノコは食べ。 *potential form* +* This mushroom is edible. + +* ばかって言。  +* I was told I am stupid. +* 彼女に料理がまずかったって言われた。  +* My girlfriend told me that the food I made tasted bad *(and I am upset)*. + +* 窓が開け。 *potential form* +* I can open the window *(because of strong wind)*. +* 窓を開けるよ。 +* I can open it (I will do it for you). +* 窓は開いています。 *intransitive verb* +* The window is open. +* 窓は開け。 *passive form* +* The window was opened. +* 窓山田さん開け。 +* The window was opened by Yamada-san. +* 山田さん開け。 +* Yamada-san opened the window *(and I am upset)*. + +**Negative forms** + +* 食べられない。 will not be eaten / cannot eat +* たべられなかった。 was not eaten / could not eat + +* はライオンに食べられなかった。  +* The deer was not eaten by the lion. *(Told from perspective of the deer)* +* ライオンはを食べなかった。  +* Same meaning, but told from perspective of the lion. + +**Irregular verbs** + +* ~する >  *passive form* + * ネタバレ。  + * Someone spoiled (the story) *(and I am upset)*. + * 。  + * Someone cheated on me *(and I am upset)*. + + +* ~する >  *potential form* + * 料理できる。 I can cook. + +The passive and potential form for 来る is the same, like for other verbs. + +* る >  *passive form* +* る >  *potential form* + +###### 関係する動画 + +* [PASSIVE form┃-られた (rareta)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPOA3OYFnj4) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) + +--- + +#### 使役受身形 +##### Causative-passive form - しえきうけみけい + +* 食べる > 食べ > To eat. + +* 子供にピーマンを食べ。 *(Passive form)* +* The mother the child eat green pepper. + +* お母さんにピーマンを食べ。 *(Causative-passive form)* +* The child eat green pepper by the mother. + +--- + +* 日本では、お酒を飲ことが多い。 +* In Japan, the event of drink is numerous. + +* 仕事を。 +* I quit my work. + +* その映画は考え。 +* That movie think. + +* 僕はからへと。 +* I transfer from one branch office to another branch office. + +* お父さんにお酒を飲。 +* My father drink alcohol. + +--- + +**Causative, passive and causative-passive forms** + +* 食べる > 食べ To somebody eat. + * Causative form + + +* 食べる > 食べ To be eaten *(someone eats and I am upset)*. + * Passive form + + +* 食べる > 食べ To eat. + * Causative-passive form + +--- + +* 読む > 読 To somebody read. + * Causative form + + +* 読む > 読 To be read. + * Passive form + + +* 読む > 読 To read. + * Causative-passive form + +--- + +* 起きる > 起きさせられる  +* 寝る > 寝させられる  +* 見る > 見させられる  +* する > させられる  + +* 行く > 行かせられる  +* 書く > 書かせられる  + +* 泳ぐ > 泳がせられる + +Note, that there is a difference in **written** and **spoken** forms of the causative-passive forms. + +* 読む > 飲ませられる *(Written)* +* 読む > 飲まされる  *(Spoken)* +* 待つ > 待たせられる *(Written)* +* 待つ > 待たされる  *(Spoken)* +* 言う > 言わせられる *(Written)* +* 言う > 言わされる  *(Spoken)* + + +###### 関係する動画 + +* [Pera Pera Class #2】SARERU, SASERU, SASERARERU - Passive, Causative, Causative-Passive form JAPANESE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA-Fo-xjdRg) by: [Okaeri SCHOOL](https://www.youtube.com/@OkaeriSCHOOL)