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Update と たら なら ば page on conditionals.

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Kevin Matsubara 2024-11-26 16:41:06 +01:00
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
"If I go", can be phrased with:
* 行く<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>
* 行く<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>
* 行っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>
* 行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>
* 行け<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
@ -28,17 +28,50 @@ Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the
#### と
* 春になる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、さくらが咲きます。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> spring comes, cherry blossoms (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) bloom.
* デスノートに人の名前を書く<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、その人は死ぬ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) dies.
* デスノートに人の名前を書く<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、その人は死ぬ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) dies.
* Puts a lot more emphasis on "the moment I am writing...", rather than: when A happens, then B.
* 歩いていた<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、お母さんから電話が来た。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I was walking, I got a phone call from my mother (Here, A has nothing to do with B, its not a direct cause).
* 歩く<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、お母さんから電話が来た。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I was walking, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) got a phone call from my mother (Does not make much sense).
Expresses **facts** or things that **always** happen. It cannot express wish, will or request.
* Conditional　＞　Grammar　＞　Outcome
* Verb **Dictionary-form**　＞　と
* 春になる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、さくらが咲きます。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> spring comes, cherry blossoms (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) bloom.
* ここを押す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、電気がつく。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you press here, the light (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) turns on.
* ここにお金を<Furigana kanji="入" kana="い"/>れる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、きっぷが出てくる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you insert money here, a ticket (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) comes out.
* 朝起きる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、水を飲む。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I wake up in the morning, I drink water.
---
It can also describe things that happened in the past.
* スーパーに行<Jps underline=true text="く"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、セールをしてい<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="た"/>。
* I went to the supermarket <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> they <Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="had"/> a sale.
---
##### と、とき
* デスノートに人の名前を書く<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、その人は死ぬ。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) dies.
* デスノートに人の名前を書く<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、その人は死ぬ。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) dies.
* Puts a lot more emphasis on "the moment I am writing...", rather than: when A happens, then B.
* 歩く<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、お母さんから電話が来た。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I was walking, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) got a phone call from my mother (Does not make much sense).
* 歩いていた<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、お母さんから電話が来た。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/>
* I was walking, I got a phone call from my mother (Here, A has nothing to do with B, its not a direct cause).
* ここを押す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、痛い。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I press here, it (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) hurts.
* If it has been that way for quite a while and it always hurts.
* ここを押す<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、痛い。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I press here, it hurts.
* Emphasis on **when**, the time, when you press.
* It sounds like an answer to the question: "When does it hurt?" > "When I press here..."
@ -47,10 +80,14 @@ Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the
* 目を<Furigana kanji="閉" kana="と"/>じる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、何も見えない。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you close your eyes, you (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) can see nothing.
* <Furigana kanji="閉" kana="と"/>じる　（とじる）- Is used for closing eyes, books.
* <Furigana kanji="閉" kana="し"/>める　（しめる）- Is used for closing doors, windows.
* 眼鏡をかけない<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、何も見えない。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do not wear glasses, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) can see nothing.
* 電気を消す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、部屋が暗くなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you turn off the light, the room (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) becomes dark.
* 暗い + なる　＞　暗<Jps colour="c2" text="く"/>なる
* 電気をつける<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、部屋が明るくなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you turn on the light, the room (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) becomes bright.
* 明るい + なる　＞　明る<Jps colour="c2" text="く"/>なる
@ -59,6 +96,8 @@ Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the
* 水に携帯を落す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、壊れる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you drop your phone in water it (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) breaks.
* 牛乳を飲む<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、お腹が痛くなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I drink milk, my stomach (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) hurts.
* 痛くなる is used here, to indicate it happens <Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="after"/> you drink it (become hurt).
* アップルパイを食べる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、幸せになるます。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I eat apple pie, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) became happy.
* アップルパイを食べ<Jps colour="c2" text="すぎる"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、太る。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I eat <Jps colour="c2" text="too much"/> apple pie, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) became fat.
* お酒を飲み<Jps colour="c2" text="すぎる"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、気持ち悪くなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I drink <Jps colour="c2" text="too much"/> alcohol, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) became sick.
@ -79,60 +118,139 @@ There is a special usage of と, to indicate a **suprising outcome**.
#### たら
Expresses both **hypothetical** and **definite** situations (like と).
It is used often for *what-if* stories and can express wish, will or request.
* Conditional　＞　Grammar　＞　Outcome
* Verb **た-form**　＞　ら
---
* ひまになっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、教えて。
* Let me know <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> you are free.
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you are free, let me know.
* 晴れ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)*
* I want to go to the beach <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> it is sunny.
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I want to go to the beach.
* 昼になっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、出かける。 *(Definite situation)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> it is noon, I will go out.
* 空を飛べ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、世界一周したい。 *(Hypothetical, What-if situation)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I could fly in the sky, I would like to go around the world.
* 家に帰っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、ゲームをしてもいい？ *(expresses a request)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I get home, can I play games?
Comparison with と
「<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>」can do all the things that <Jps colour="c2" text="と"/> can.
* 食べすぎる<Jps colour="c2" text="と"/>、太る。　<Jps colour="c2" text="If"/> I eat too much, I (<Jps colour="c2" text="always"/>) get fat.
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、太る。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I eat too much, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I get fat.
* 食べすぎる<Jps colour="c2" text="と"/>、太る。　
* <Jps colour="c2" text="If"/> I eat too much, I (<Jps colour="c2" text="always"/>) get fat.
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、太る。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I eat too much, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I get fat.
Still, <Jps colour="c2" text="と"/> sounds more natural if something <Jps colour="c2" text="always"/> happens.
* ピーナッツを食べる<Jps colour="c2" text="と"/>、死んじゃう。　<Jps colour="c2" text="If"/> I eat peanuts, I (<Jps colour="c2" text="always"/>) die. *(Its as good as certain here)*
* ピーナッツを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、死んじゃう。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I eat peanuts (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I die. *(But, it might not happen, its not always)*
* ピーナッツを食べる<Jps colour="c2" text="と"/>、死んじゃう。　
* <Jps colour="c2" text="If"/> I eat peanuts, I (<Jps colour="c2" text="always"/>) die. *(Its as good as certain here)*
* ピーナッツを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、死んじゃう。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I eat peanuts (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I die. *(But, it might not happen, its not always)*
Past form, it has the same meaning and the same nuances.
* スーパーに行<Jps underline=true text="く"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、セールをしてい<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="た"/>。
* I went to the supermarket <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> they <Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="had"/> a sale.
* スーパーに行<Jps underline=true text="く"/><Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、セールをしてい<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="た"/>。
* I went to the supermarket <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> they <Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="had"/> a sale.
But remember, と cannot express requests.
* 寒い<Jps colour="c3" strikethrough=true text="と"/>、服を着て。
* 寒かっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、服を着て。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> it is cold, wear clothes.　*Expresses a request*
---
If clause 1 happens, then clause 2 happens.
* 明日雨が降っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、家にいる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will stay home.
* 勉強しなかっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、試験に合格できない。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do not study, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I cannot pass the exam.
* また<Furigana kanji="遅" kana="おく"/>れ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="首" kana="くび"/>になる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I am late again, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will get fired.
* また<Furigana kanji="嘘" kana="うそ"/>をつい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="許" kana="ゆる"/>さない。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you lie again, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will not forgive you.
* 車を運転し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="事故" kana="じこ"/>を<Furigana kanji="起" kana="お"/>こすと思う。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I drive a car, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I think I will cause an accident.
* 車を運転し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="事故" kana="じこ"/>を<Furigana kanji="起" kana="お"/>こすと思う<Jps colour="c2" text="から"/>、運転したくない。　I do not want to drive, <Jps colour="c2" text="because"/> <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I drive a car, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I think I will cause an accident.
* 質問があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="遠慮" kana="えんりょ"/>せず何でも聞いてください。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you have a question, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) feel free to ask me anything.
* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、何がしたいですか。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you had money, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) what would you do?
* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="世界中" kana="せかいじゅう"/>を旅行する。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I would travel around the world.
* 彼女がい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、このレストランに<Furigana kanji="連" kana="つ"/>れてくる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had a girlfriend, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I would bring her to this restaurant.
* 明日雨が降っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、家にいる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will stay home.
* 勉強しなかっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、試験に合格できない。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do not study, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I cannot pass the exam.
* また<Furigana kanji="遅" kana="おく"/>れ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="首" kana="くび"/>になる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I am late again, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will get fired.
* また<Furigana kanji="嘘" kana="うそ"/>をつい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="許" kana="ゆる"/>さない。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you lie again, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will not forgive you.
* 車を運転し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="事故" kana="じこ"/>を<Furigana kanji="起" kana="お"/>こすと思う。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I drive a car, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I think I will cause an accident.
* 車を運転し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="事故" kana="じこ"/>を<Furigana kanji="起" kana="お"/>こすと思う<Jps colour="c2" text="から"/>、運転したくない。　
* I do not want to drive, <Jps colour="c2" text="because"/> <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I drive a car, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I think I will cause an accident.
* 質問があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="遠慮" kana="えんりょ"/>せず何でも聞いてください。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you have a question, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) feel free to ask me anything.
* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、何がしたいですか。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you had money, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) what would you do?
* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="世界中" kana="せかいじゅう"/>を旅行する。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I would travel around the world.
* 彼女がい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、このレストランに<Furigana kanji="連" kana="つ"/>れてくる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had a girlfriend, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I would bring her to this restaurant.
* 「object」を持ってくる。　To bring (object)
* 「location」に「someone」を<Furigana kanji="連" kana="つ"/>れてくる。To bring (someone) to (location)
* 明日はれ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、ピクニックをしましょう。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> in is sunny tomorrow, lets have a picnic.
* 明日はれ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、ピクニックをしましょう。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> in is sunny tomorrow, lets have a picnic.
In this case, you cannot use と, because it does not always happens, unless:
* 晴れる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、<Jps colour="c2" text="いつも"/>ピクニックをする。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I <Jps colour="c2" text="always"/> have a picnic.
* 晴れる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、<Jps colour="c2" text="いつも"/>ピクニックをする。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I <Jps colour="c2" text="always"/> have a picnic.
Remember that <Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/> does not always have to mean "<Jps colour="c1" text="if"/>" it can also mean "<Jps colour="c1" text="when"/>".
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、太った。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate to much, I got fat (its already a fact, it happened).
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、太った。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate to much, I got fat (Here it emphasises the time. It sounds like an answer to: "**When** did you get fat?").
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、太った。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate to much, I got fat (its already a fact, it happened).
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、太った。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate to much, I got fat (Here it emphasises the time. It sounds like an answer to: "**When** did you get fat?").
* ドアを<Furigana kanji="蹴" kana="け"/>っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、足の骨が<Furigana kanji="折" kana="お"/>れた。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I kicked the door, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I broke my leg.
* ドアを<Furigana kanji="蹴" kana="け"/>っ<Jps colour="c1" text="から"/>、足の骨が<Furigana kanji="折" kana="お"/>れた。　<Jps colour="c1" text="Because"/> I kicked the door, I broke my leg.
* ドアを<Furigana kanji="蹴" kana="け"/>っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、足の骨が<Furigana kanji="折" kana="お"/>れた。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I kicked the door, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I broke my leg.
* ドアを<Furigana kanji="蹴" kana="け"/>っ<Jps colour="c1" text="から"/>、足の骨が<Furigana kanji="折" kana="お"/>れた。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="Because"/> I kicked the door, I broke my leg.
* マリオはキノコを<Furigana kanji="取" kana="と"/>ったら、大きくなった。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> Mario took the mushroom, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) he got bigger.
* マリオはキノコを<Furigana kanji="取" kana="と"/>ったら、大きくなった。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> Mario took the mushroom, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) he got bigger.
* <Furigana kanji="失敗" kana="しっぱい"/>し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、どうする？　
* What <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I fail?
* <Furigana kanji="失敗" kana="しっぱい"/>し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、どうする？　What <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I fail?
* 俺が実はスパイダーマン<Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/>、どうする？　What <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/>　I am actually Spiderman?
* Noun + <Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/>
* かわい<Jps colour="c1" text="かったら"/>。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is cute.
* その映画が面白<Jps colour="c1" text="かったら"/>、見る。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> the movie is interesting, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will watch it.
* かわい<Jps colour="c1" text="かったら"/>。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is cute.
* その映画が面白<Jps colour="c1" text="かったら"/>、見る。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> the movie is interesting, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will watch it.
* い-adjective + <Jps colour="c1" text="かったら"/>　*(past tense + ら)*
* 静か<Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/>。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is quiet.
* 静か<Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/>。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is quiet.
* な-adjective + <Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/> *(past tense + ら)*
@ -144,32 +262,41 @@ Remember that <Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/> does not always have to mean "<Jp
* な-adjective (な > じゃ) + なかったら
* Noun + じゃ + なかったら
* 私が行<Jps colour="c1" text="かなかったら"/>、どうする？　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I don't go, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> what do I do?
* 間に合<Jps colour="c1" text="わなかったら"/>、先に行ってね。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I don't make it on time, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) go ahead (without me).
* 好きじゃ<Jps colour="c1" text="なかったら"/>、食べなくてもいいよ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you don't like it, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) you don't have to eat it.
* 私が行<Jps colour="c1" text="かなかったら"/>、どうする？　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I don't go, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> what do I do?
* 間に合<Jps colour="c1" text="わなかったら"/>、先に行ってね。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I don't make it on time, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) go ahead (without me).
* 好きじゃ<Jps colour="c1" text="なかったら"/>、食べなくてもいいよ。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you don't like it, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) you don't have to eat it.
##### Past form
Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the past. Only <Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/> can be used here.
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、気持ち悪くなった。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate too much, I felt sick.
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、気持ち悪くなった。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate too much, I felt sick.
##### て and たら
There is also a difference in the nuance to "then".
* テレビをみて、寝た。　I watched television and <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> went to sleep.
* テレビをみて、寝た。　
* I watched television and <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> went to sleep.
* But note that clause 1 is not a cause for clause 2. Its an order of things.
* テレビをみ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、寝た。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I watched television, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> went to sleep.
* テレビをみ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、寝た。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I watched television, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> went to sleep.
* Here, watching television is the cause of going to sleep.
* ~<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、...て（ください）
* When / if ~, (please do...)
* 暑かっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、窓を開けてください。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> it is hot, please open the window.
* 見つかっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、電話してください。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you find it, please call me.
* 暑かっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、窓を開けてください。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> it is hot, please open the window.
* 見つかっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、電話してください。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you find it, please call me.
See also the [ば](#ば) form for these request forms.
@ -179,83 +306,201 @@ See also the [ば](#ば) form for these request forms.
なら is used a a conditional if.
* 日本に行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、まずカメラを買う。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I go to Japan, I will get a camera first.
* Conditional　＞　Grammar　＞　Outcome
* Verb **Dictionarp-form**　＞　なら
Note, sometimes の or ん is placed before なら、but it does not change the meaning.
---
* 日本に行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、まずカメラを買う。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I go to Japan, I will get a camera first.
* Here, you cannot use <Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/> because you want to do something before the other thing happens. <Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/> should be used instead.
* Clause 2 happens first, then clause 1 happens.
---
* 東京に行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、<Furigana kanji="浅草" kana="あさくさ"/>がおすすめだよ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you go to Tokyo, I recommend Asakusa!
* コンビニに行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、コーラを買ってきて。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you go to the convenience store, buy me a Cola.
---
Difference between たら and なら.
* <Furigana kanji="大統領" kana="だいとうりょう"/>になっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、お金持ちになる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I become president, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will be a rich person
* <Furigana kanji="大統領" kana="だいとうりょう"/>になっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、お金持ちになる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I become president, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will be a rich person.
* *(clause 2 is a direct result of clause 1).*
* <Furigana kanji="大統領" kana="だいとうりょう"/>になっ<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、お金持ちになる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I become president, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I will be a rich person
* <Furigana kanji="大統領" kana="だいとうりょう"/>になっ<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、お金持ちになる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I become president, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I will be a rich person.
* *(First you need the money, in order to become president).*
* 日本に住ん<Jps colour="c1" text="だら"/>、日本語が話せるようになる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I live in Japan, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will be able to speak in Japanese.
* 日本で働きたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、日本語を勉強しなきゃ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I want to live in Japan, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I must study Japanese.
* 日本に住ん<Jps colour="c1" text="だら"/>、日本語が話せるようになる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I live in Japan, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will be able to speak in Japanese.
* 日本で働きたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、日本語を勉強しなきゃ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I want to live in Japan, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I must study Japanese.
* 明日雨が降っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic.
* 明日雨が降っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic.
* *(This does not sound like you just found out about the rain, but more like: if A then B. There is no context)*
* 明日雨が降る<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic.
* 明日雨が降る<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic.
* *(You already know it might rain, so given the context of A, then B.)*
* 頭が痛かっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> your head hurts, you should take medicine.
* 頭が痛かっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> your head hurts, you should take medicine.
* *(no context, just a statement)*
* 頭が痛い<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> your head hurts, you should take medicine.
* 頭が痛い<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> your head hurts, you should take medicine.
* *(context, maybe your friend told you he or she has a headache)*
なら is also used in situations where you do something because someone said so. If you say/do A, I will do B.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>がそう言う<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you (senpai) say so.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>がそう言う<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you (senpai) say so.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>がそう言う<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、　私も行きます。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you (senpai) say so, I will go too.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>が好き<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、この曲はすごいはず。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> senpai likes it, then this music it must be awesome.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>がタバコをやめる<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、私もタバコをやめる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> senpai quits smoking, I will quit smoking too.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>が好き<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、この曲はすごいはず。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> senpai likes it, then this music it must be awesome.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>がタバコをやめる<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、私もタバコをやめる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> senpai quits smoking, I will quit smoking too.
##### 例文
* ドレスをかう<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、まず<Furigana kanji="痩" kana="や"/>せる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I buy a dress, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I will lose weight first.
* 子供がほしい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、結婚しなきゃ（だめだ）。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want a child, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) you must get married.
* ドレスをかう<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、まず<Furigana kanji="痩" kana="や"/>せる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I buy a dress, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I will lose weight first.
* 子供がほしい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、結婚しなきゃ（だめだ）。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want a child, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) you must get married.
* なきゃ（だめだ）means: its no good if you dont do...
* <Furigana kanji="渋谷駅" kana="しぶやえき"/>に行きたいんですが。　I would like to get to Shibuya station.
* ↳ <Furigana kanji="渋谷駅" kana="しぶやえき"/>に行きたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、　JR<Furigana kanji="山手線" kana="やまのてせん"/>に<Furigana kanji="乗" kana="の"/>り<Furigana kanji="換" kana="か"/>えてください。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you would like to go to Shibuya station please transfer to the [JR Yamanote line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanote_Line).
* <Furigana kanji="渋谷駅" kana="しぶやえき"/>に行きたいんですが。
* I would like to get to Shibuya station.
* ↳ <Furigana kanji="渋谷駅" kana="しぶやえき"/>に行きたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、　JR<Furigana kanji="山手線" kana="やまのてせん"/>に<Furigana kanji="乗" kana="の"/>り<Furigana kanji="換" kana="か"/>えてください。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you would like to go to Shibuya station please transfer to the [JR Yamanote line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanote_Line).
* <Furigana kanji="携帯" kana="けいたい"/>を使う<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、外に出てください。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want to use your phone, please go outside.
* <Furigana kanji="負" kana="ま"/>けたくない<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、強くならなきゃだめだ！　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you do not want to lose, you must become stronger!
* <Furigana kanji="携帯" kana="けいたい"/>を使う<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、外に出てください。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want to use your phone, please go outside.
* <Furigana kanji="負" kana="ま"/>けたくない<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、強くならなきゃだめだ！
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you do not want to lose, you must become stronger!
* 強くなら　To become strong
* 日本語が上手になりたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、　もっと練習しなきゃ。<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want to become better at Japanese, you have to practice.
* <Furigana kanji="緑茶" kana="りょくちゃ"/>がありますか。　Do you have green tea?
* ↳ <Furigana kanji="紅茶" kana="こうちゃ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>あります。　We have black tea (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> green tea)
* 日本語が上手になりたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、　もっと練習しなきゃ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want to become better at Japanese, you have to practice.
* Lサイズがありますか。　Do you have size L?
* ↳ XL<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>あります。　We have XL (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> L).
* 大阪に行ったことがありますか。　Have you been to Osaka?
* ↳ 京都<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>行ったことがあります。　I have been to Kyoto (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> Osaka).
* <Furigana kanji="緑茶" kana="りょくちゃ"/>がありますか。
* Do you have green tea?
* ↳ <Furigana kanji="紅茶" kana="こうちゃ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>あります。
* We have black tea (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> green tea)
* あなた<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>出来る！　You can do it (<Jps colour="c1" text="but others cannot"/>).
* 五分<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>話せます。　I can speak for 5 minutes (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not longer"/>).
* Lサイズがありますか。
* Do you have size L?
* ↳ XL<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>あります。　
* We have XL (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> L).
* 大阪に行ったことがありますか。
* Have you been to Osaka?
* ↳ 京都<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>行ったことがあります。
* I have been to Kyoto (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> Osaka).
* あなた<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>出来る！
* You can do it (<Jps colour="c1" text="but others cannot"/>).
* 五分<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>話せます。
* I can speak for 5 minutes (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not longer"/>).
---
#### ば
It emphasises the **condition**, as a means to achieve your goal.
It is also used to ask for **advice**.
The outcome of the condition for ば is usually a **desirable** event.
* Conditional　＞　Grammar　＞　Outcome
* Verb **え-vowel-form**　＞　ば
* 読む　＞　読め　＞　読めば　(五段 verbs)
* 食べる　＞　食べ<Jps strikethrough=true text="ます"/>　＞　食べれば　(一段 verbs)
* する　＞　すれば
* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る　＞　<Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>れば
---
* A<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、B > If / When A happens, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>, B happens. There is more emphasis on the B clause here.
* A<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、B > If A happens, B happens. There is more emphasis on the A clause here.
* <Furigana kanji="翼" kana="つばさ"/>があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、飛べる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had wings, I could fly.　（focus on what happens if you have wings）
* <Furigana kanji="翼" kana="つばさ"/>があれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、飛べる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had wings, I could fly.　（focus on the wings themselves, if only I had wings）
* これを読め<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、わかります。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you read this, you will understand.
* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、家がかえる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, I could buy a house.　(emphasis on what would happen, you may already have the money)
* お金があれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、家が買える。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, I could buy a house.　(emphasis on the if-part, maybe you do not have the money)
* セールに行け<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、服を安く買える。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you go to a sale, you can buy clothes cheaply.
* The emphasis is on the sale here.
* 質問があれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、いつでも聞いてください。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you have any questions, just ask anytime.
* ある is used to express a state of being.
* どうすれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、日本語が上手になりますか。　*(Asking for advice)*
* How can I become better at Japanese?
* 美味しい物を食べれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、幸せになる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I eat delicious things, I will become happy.
##### ない-form, negative form
* 行く　＞　行かない　＞　行かなければ
##### ば and と
Same meaning. But と is more factual and ば emphasises the condition.
* ここにお金を<Furigana kanji="入" kana="い"/>れ<Jps underline=true text="る"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、きっぷが出てくる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you insert money here, a ticket (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) comes out.
* ここにお金を<Furigana kanji="入" kana="い"/>れ<Jps underline=true text="れ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、きっぷが出てくる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you insert money here, a ticket (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) comes out.
##### ば and たら
* <Furigana kanji="翼" kana="つばさ"/>があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、飛べる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had wings, I could fly.　（focus on what happens if you have wings）
* <Furigana kanji="翼" kana="つばさ"/>があれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、飛べる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had wings, I could fly.　（focus on the wings themselves, if only I had wings）
* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、家がかえる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, I could buy a house.　*(emphasis on what would happen, you may already have the money)*
* お金があれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、家が買える。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, I could buy a house.　*(emphasis on the if-part, maybe you do not have the money)*
* 晴れ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I want to go to the beach.
* 晴れ<Jps underline=true text="れ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I want to go to the beach.
---
@ -289,37 +534,60 @@ For adjectives:
ある and いる are exceptional verbs that can be used with <Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/> even when clause B is "~て（request）".
* Adjective / ある / いる + ば、...て（ください）。　When / if, (please do...)
* 暑<Jps underline=true text="けれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、窓を開けてください。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is hot, please open the window.
* 暑<Jps underline=true text="けれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、窓を開けてください。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is hot, please open the window.
---
It is also used for asking and giving advice.
* どうすれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、日本語が上手になりますか。　How can I improve my Japanese?　(lit. <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do how...)
* もっと勉強すれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、日本語が上手になるよ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I study more, my Japanese will improve.　(the outcome will be good)
* どうすれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、日本語が上手になりますか。
* How can I improve my Japanese?　(lit. <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do how...)
* もっと勉強すれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、日本語が上手になるよ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I study more, my Japanese will improve.　(the outcome will be good)
Or expressions of regret, like: "it would have been good if..."
* 試験の前に、もっと勉強すれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　I wish I studied more before the exam.　(lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I studied more...)
* 飛行機に乗る前に、食べれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　I wish I had eaten before getting on the airplane.　(lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I had eaten...)
* 電話番号を聞け<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　I wish I had asked her phone number.　(lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I asked...)
* カメラを持ってくれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　I wish I had brought my camera.　(lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I brought...)
* 試験の前に、もっと勉強すれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I studied more before the exam.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I studied more...)
* 飛行機に乗る前に、食べれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I had eaten before getting on the airplane.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I had eaten...)
* 電話番号を聞け<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I had asked her phone number.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I asked...)
* カメラを持ってくれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I had brought my camera.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I brought...)
And its negation form:
* パーテイーに<Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>なけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　I wish I didn't come to the party.　(lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not come...)
* パーテイーに<Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>なけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I didn't come to the party.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not come...)
* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る　＞　<Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>ない
* 何も言わなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　I wish I did not say anything.　(lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not say...)
* 何も言わなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　
* I wish I did not say anything.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not say...)
* 言う　＞　言わない
* <Furigana kanji="秘密" kana="ひみつ"/>を教えなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　I wish I did not tell my secret. (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not tell/teach...)
* <Furigana kanji="秘密" kana="ひみつ"/>を教えなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I did not tell my secret.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not tell/teach...)
* 教える　＞　教えない
* このゲームを買わなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　I wish I did not buy this game.　(lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not buy...)
* このゲームを買わなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I did not buy this game.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not buy...)
* 買う　＞　買わない
---
@ -330,9 +598,11 @@ Puts more <Jps underline=true text="emphasis"/> on "if" to make it hypothetical.
It usually is at the start of the sentence.
* もし一億円あっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、どうする？　What would you do <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> you had 100 million yen?
* もし一億円あっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、どうする？
* What would you do <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> you had 100 million yen?
* もし<Furigana kanji="妊娠" kana="にんしん"/>してい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、何て言う？　What would you say if I am pregnant?　(here, a lot more emphasis is put on that it is hypothetical)
* もし<Furigana kanji="妊娠" kana="にんしん"/>してい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、何て言う？
* What would you say if I am pregnant?　(here, a lot more emphasis is put on that it is hypothetical)
---
@ -343,4 +613,6 @@ It usually is at the start of the sentence.
* ["IF" conditional なら - part 3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_c3V882am0) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
* ["IF" ば & もし & "I wish I did - part 4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELgHWErsA_k) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
* [Mastering Japanese Conditionals: と, たら, ば, なら](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocZfV_3gAM0) by [Learn Japanese with Moon-chan](https://www.youtube.com/@JapanesewithMoon-chan)
---

4
src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ These pages contain my notes on learning the language.
* [Expressions](./japanese/expressions)
* [ために、ように、のに](./japanese/tameni-youni-noni)
* [と、たら、ば、なら](./japanese/if-when)
* [Conditionals: と、たら、ば、なら](./japanese/if-when)
* [けど、けれど、けれども、のに](./japanese/but)
### て-forms
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ These pages contain my notes on learning the language.
* [だけ vs しか](./japanese/dake-vs-shika)
* [とか vs たり vs し｀](./japanese/toka-tari-shi)
* [とか vs たり vs し](./japanese/toka-tari-shi)
#### Verbs