diff --git a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/if-when.md b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/if-when.md index 3b918e7..c769832 100644 --- a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/if-when.md +++ b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/if-when.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ "If I go", can be phrased with: * 行く -* 行く +* 行っ * 行く * 行け @@ -28,17 +28,50 @@ Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the #### と -* 春になる、さくらが咲きます。  spring comes, cherry blossoms () bloom. -* デスノートに人の名前を書く、その人は死ぬ。  you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person () dies. -* デスノートに人の名前を書く、その人は死ぬ。  you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person () dies. - * Puts a lot more emphasis on "the moment I am writing...", rather than: when A happens, then B. -* 歩いていた、お母さんから電話が来た。  I was walking, I got a phone call from my mother (Here, A has nothing to do with B, its not a direct cause). -* 歩く、お母さんから電話が来た。  I was walking, I () got a phone call from my mother (Does not make much sense). +Expresses **facts** or things that **always** happen. It cannot express wish, will or request. + +* Conditional > Grammar > Outcome +* Verb **Dictionary-form** > と + +* 春になる、さくらが咲きます。  +* spring comes, cherry blossoms () bloom. + +* ここを押す、電気がつく。 +* you press here, the light () turns on. + +* ここにお金をれる、きっぷが出てくる。 +* you insert money here, a ticket () comes out. + +* 朝起きる、水を飲む。 +* I wake up in the morning, I drink water. + +--- + +It can also describe things that happened in the past. + +* スーパーに行、セールをしてい。 +* I went to the supermarket they a sale. + +--- ##### と、とき +* デスノートに人の名前を書く、その人は死ぬ。  +* you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person () dies. +* デスノートに人の名前を書く、その人は死ぬ。  +* you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person () dies. + * Puts a lot more emphasis on "the moment I am writing...", rather than: when A happens, then B. + + +* 歩く、お母さんから電話が来た。  +* I was walking, I () got a phone call from my mother (Does not make much sense). +* 歩いていた、お母さんから電話が来た。  +* I was walking, I got a phone call from my mother (Here, A has nothing to do with B, its not a direct cause). + * ここを押す、痛い。  I press here, it () hurts. * If it has been that way for quite a while and it always hurts. + + * ここを押す、痛い。  I press here, it hurts. * Emphasis on **when**, the time, when you press. * It sounds like an answer to the question: "When does it hurt?" > "When I press here..." @@ -47,10 +80,14 @@ Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the * 目をじる、何も見えない。  you close your eyes, you () can see nothing. * じる (とじる)- Is used for closing eyes, books. * める (しめる)- Is used for closing doors, windows. + + * 眼鏡をかけない、何も見えない。  I do not wear glasses, I () can see nothing. * 電気を消す、部屋が暗くなる。  you turn off the light, the room () becomes dark. * 暗い + なる > 暗なる + + * 電気をつける、部屋が明るくなる。  you turn on the light, the room () becomes bright. * 明るい + なる > 明るなる @@ -59,6 +96,8 @@ Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the * 水に携帯を落す、壊れる。  you drop your phone in water it () breaks. * 牛乳を飲む、お腹が痛くなる。  I drink milk, my stomach () hurts. * 痛くなる is used here, to indicate it happens you drink it (become hurt). + + * アップルパイを食べる、幸せになるます。  I eat apple pie, I () became happy. * アップルパイを食べ、太る。  I eat apple pie, I () became fat. * お酒を飲み、気持ち悪くなる。  I drink alcohol, I () became sick. @@ -79,60 +118,139 @@ There is a special usage of と, to indicate a **suprising outcome**. #### たら +Expresses both **hypothetical** and **definite** situations (like と). + +It is used often for *what-if* stories and can express wish, will or request. + +* Conditional > Grammar > Outcome +* Verb **た-form** > ら + +--- + +* ひまになっ、教えて。 +* Let me know you are free. +* you are free, let me know. + +* 晴れ、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)* +* I want to go to the beach it is sunny. +* it is sunny, I want to go to the beach. + +* 昼になっ、出かける。 *(Definite situation)* +* it is noon, I will go out. + +* 空を飛べ、世界一周したい。 *(Hypothetical, What-if situation)* +* I could fly in the sky, I would like to go around the world. + +* 家に帰っ、ゲームをしてもいい? *(expresses a request)* +* I get home, can I play games? + +Comparison with と + 「」can do all the things that can. -* 食べすぎる、太る。  I eat too much, I () get fat. -* 食べすぎ、太る。  I eat too much, () I get fat. +* 食べすぎる、太る。  +* I eat too much, I () get fat. +* 食べすぎ、太る。  +* I eat too much, () I get fat. Still, sounds more natural if something happens. -* ピーナッツを食べる、死んじゃう。  I eat peanuts, I () die. *(Its as good as certain here)* -* ピーナッツを食べ、死んじゃう。  I eat peanuts () I die. *(But, it might not happen, its not always)* +* ピーナッツを食べる、死んじゃう。  +* I eat peanuts, I () die. *(Its as good as certain here)* +* ピーナッツを食べ、死んじゃう。  +* I eat peanuts () I die. *(But, it might not happen, its not always)* + +Past form, it has the same meaning and the same nuances. + +* スーパーに行、セールをしてい。 +* I went to the supermarket they a sale. +* スーパーに行、セールをしてい。 +* I went to the supermarket they a sale. + +But remember, と cannot express requests. + +* 寒い、服を着て。 +* 寒かっ、服を着て。 +* it is cold, wear clothes. *Expresses a request* + +--- If clause 1 happens, then clause 2 happens. -* 明日雨が降っ、家にいる。  it rains, () I will stay home. -* 勉強しなかっ、試験に合格できない。  I do not study, () I cannot pass the exam. -* またになる。  I am late again, () I will get fired. -* またをついさない。  you lie again, () I will not forgive you. -* 車を運転しこすと思う。  I drive a car, () I think I will cause an accident. -* 車を運転しこすと思う、運転したくない。 I do not want to drive, I drive a car, () I think I will cause an accident. -* 質問があっせず何でも聞いてください。  you have a question, () feel free to ask me anything. -* お金があっ、何がしたいですか。  you had money, () what would you do? -* お金があっを旅行する。  I had money, () I would travel around the world. -* 彼女がい、このレストランにれてくる。  I had a girlfriend, () I would bring her to this restaurant. +* 明日雨が降っ、家にいる。  +* it rains, () I will stay home. + +* 勉強しなかっ、試験に合格できない。  +* I do not study, () I cannot pass the exam. + +* またになる。  +* I am late again, () I will get fired. + +* またをついさない。  +* you lie again, () I will not forgive you. + +* 車を運転しこすと思う。  +* I drive a car, () I think I will cause an accident. + +* 車を運転しこすと思う、運転したくない。  +* I do not want to drive, I drive a car, () I think I will cause an accident. + +* 質問があっせず何でも聞いてください。  +* you have a question, () feel free to ask me anything. + +* お金があっ、何がしたいですか。  +* you had money, () what would you do? + +* お金があっを旅行する。  +* I had money, () I would travel around the world. + +* 彼女がい、このレストランにれてくる。  +* I had a girlfriend, () I would bring her to this restaurant. * 「object」を持ってくる。 To bring (object) * 「location」に「someone」をれてくる。To bring (someone) to (location) -* 明日はれ、ピクニックをしましょう。  in is sunny tomorrow, lets have a picnic. +* 明日はれ、ピクニックをしましょう。  +* in is sunny tomorrow, lets have a picnic. In this case, you cannot use と, because it does not always happens, unless: -* 晴れるピクニックをする。  it is sunny, I have a picnic. +* 晴れるピクニックをする。  +* it is sunny, I have a picnic. Remember that does not always have to mean "" it can also mean "". -* 食べすぎ、太った。  I ate to much, I got fat (its already a fact, it happened). -* 食べすぎ、太った。  I ate to much, I got fat (Here it emphasises the time. It sounds like an answer to: "**When** did you get fat?"). +* 食べすぎ、太った。  +* I ate to much, I got fat (its already a fact, it happened). +* 食べすぎ、太った。  +* I ate to much, I got fat (Here it emphasises the time. It sounds like an answer to: "**When** did you get fat?"). -* ドアを、足の骨がれた。  I kicked the door, () I broke my leg. -* ドアを、足の骨がれた。  I kicked the door, I broke my leg. +* ドアを、足の骨がれた。  +* I kicked the door, () I broke my leg. +* ドアを、足の骨がれた。  +* I kicked the door, I broke my leg. -* マリオはキノコをったら、大きくなった。  Mario took the mushroom, () he got bigger. +* マリオはキノコをったら、大きくなった。  +* Mario took the mushroom, () he got bigger. + +* 、どうする?  +* What I fail? -* 、どうする? What I fail? * 俺が実はスパイダーマン、どうする? What  I am actually Spiderman? * Noun + -* かわい。  it is cute. -* その映画が面白、見る。  the movie is interesting, () I will watch it. +* かわい。  +* it is cute. + +* その映画が面白、見る。  +* the movie is interesting, () I will watch it. * い-adjective +  *(past tense + ら)* -* 静か。  it is quiet. +* 静か。  +* it is quiet. * な-adjective + *(past tense + ら)* @@ -144,32 +262,41 @@ Remember that does not always have to mean " じゃ) + なかったら * Noun + じゃ + なかったら -* 私が行、どうする?  I don't go, what do I do? -* 間に合、先に行ってね。  I don't make it on time, () go ahead (without me). -* 好きじゃ、食べなくてもいいよ。  you don't like it, () you don't have to eat it. +* 私が行、どうする?  +* I don't go, what do I do? + +* 間に合、先に行ってね。  +* I don't make it on time, () go ahead (without me). + +* 好きじゃ、食べなくてもいいよ。  +* you don't like it, () you don't have to eat it. ##### Past form -Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the past. Only can be used here. - -* 食べすぎ、気持ち悪くなった。  I ate too much, I felt sick. +* 食べすぎ、気持ち悪くなった。  +* I ate too much, I felt sick. ##### て and たら There is also a difference in the nuance to "then". -* テレビをみて、寝た。 I watched television and went to sleep. +* テレビをみて、寝た。  +* I watched television and went to sleep. * But note that clause 1 is not a cause for clause 2. Its an order of things. -* テレビをみ、寝た。  I watched television, went to sleep. +* テレビをみ、寝た。  +* I watched television, went to sleep. * Here, watching television is the cause of going to sleep. * ~、...て(ください) * When / if ~, (please do...) -* 暑かっ、窓を開けてください。  it is hot, please open the window. -* 見つかっ、電話してください。  you find it, please call me. +* 暑かっ、窓を開けてください。  +* it is hot, please open the window. + +* 見つかっ、電話してください。  +* you find it, please call me. See also the [ば](#ば) form for these request forms. @@ -179,83 +306,201 @@ See also the [ば](#ば) form for these request forms. なら is used a a conditional if. -* 日本に行く、まずカメラを買う。  I go to Japan, I will get a camera first. +* Conditional > Grammar > Outcome +* Verb **Dictionarp-form** > なら + +Note, sometimes の or ん is placed before なら、but it does not change the meaning. + +--- + +* 日本に行く、まずカメラを買う。  +* I go to Japan, I will get a camera first. * Here, you cannot use because you want to do something before the other thing happens. should be used instead. * Clause 2 happens first, then clause 1 happens. +--- + +* 東京に行くがおすすめだよ。 +* you go to Tokyo, I recommend Asakusa! + +* コンビニに行く、コーラを買ってきて。 +* you go to the convenience store, buy me a Cola. + +--- + Difference between たら and なら. -* になっ、お金持ちになる。  I become president, () I will be a rich person +* になっ、お金持ちになる。  +* I become president, () I will be a rich person. * *(clause 2 is a direct result of clause 1).* -* になっ、お金持ちになる。  I become president, () I will be a rich person + + +* になっ、お金持ちになる。  +* I become president, () I will be a rich person. * *(First you need the money, in order to become president).* -* 日本に住ん、日本語が話せるようになる。  I live in Japan, () I will be able to speak in Japanese. -* 日本で働きたい、日本語を勉強しなきゃ。  I want to live in Japan, () I must study Japanese. +* 日本に住ん、日本語が話せるようになる。 +* I live in Japan, () I will be able to speak in Japanese. +* 日本で働きたい、日本語を勉強しなきゃ。 +* I want to live in Japan, () I must study Japanese. -* 明日雨が降っ、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。  it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic. +* 明日雨が降っ、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。 +* it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic. * *(This does not sound like you just found out about the rain, but more like: if A then B. There is no context)* -* 明日雨が降る、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。  it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic. + + +* 明日雨が降る、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。 +* it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic. * *(You already know it might rain, so given the context of A, then B.)* -* 頭が痛かっ、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。  your head hurts, you should take medicine. +* 頭が痛かっ、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。 +* your head hurts, you should take medicine. * *(no context, just a statement)* -* 頭が痛い、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。  your head hurts, you should take medicine. + + +* 頭が痛い、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。 +* your head hurts, you should take medicine. * *(context, maybe your friend told you he or she has a headache)* なら is also used in situations where you do something because someone said so. If you say/do A, I will do B. -* がそう言う。  you (senpai) say so. +* がそう言う。 +* you (senpai) say so. + * がそう言う、 私も行きます。  you (senpai) say so, I will go too. -* が好き、この曲はすごいはず。  senpai likes it, then this music it must be awesome. -* がタバコをやめる、私もタバコをやめる。  senpai quits smoking, I will quit smoking too. +* が好き、この曲はすごいはず。 +* senpai likes it, then this music it must be awesome. + +* がタバコをやめる、私もタバコをやめる。 +* senpai quits smoking, I will quit smoking too. ##### 例文 -* ドレスをかう、まずせる。  I buy a dress, () I will lose weight first. -* 子供がほしい、結婚しなきゃ(だめだ)。  you want a child, () you must get married. +* ドレスをかう、まずせる。 +* I buy a dress, () I will lose weight first. + + +* 子供がほしい、結婚しなきゃ(だめだ)。 +* you want a child, () you must get married. * なきゃ(だめだ)means: its no good if you dont do... -* に行きたいんですが。 I would like to get to Shibuya station. -* ↳ に行きたい、 JRえてください。  you would like to go to Shibuya station please transfer to the [JR Yamanote line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanote_Line). +* に行きたいんですが。 +* I would like to get to Shibuya station. +* ↳ に行きたい、 JRえてください。 +* you would like to go to Shibuya station please transfer to the [JR Yamanote line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanote_Line). -* を使う、外に出てください。  you want to use your phone, please go outside. -* けたくない、強くならなきゃだめだ!  you do not want to lose, you must become stronger! +* を使う、外に出てください。 +* you want to use your phone, please go outside. + + +* けたくない、強くならなきゃだめだ! +* you do not want to lose, you must become stronger! * 強くなら To become strong -* 日本語が上手になりたい、 もっと練習しなきゃ。 you want to become better at Japanese, you have to practice. -* がありますか。 Do you have green tea? -* ↳ あります。 We have black tea ( green tea) +* 日本語が上手になりたい、 もっと練習しなきゃ。 +* you want to become better at Japanese, you have to practice. -* Lサイズがありますか。 Do you have size L? -* ↳ XLあります。 We have XL ( L). -* 大阪に行ったことがありますか。 Have you been to Osaka? -* ↳ 京都行ったことがあります。 I have been to Kyoto ( Osaka). +* がありますか。 +* Do you have green tea? +* ↳ あります。 +* We have black tea ( green tea) -* あなた出来る! You can do it (). -* 五分話せます。 I can speak for 5 minutes (). +* Lサイズがありますか。 +* Do you have size L? +* ↳ XLあります。  +* We have XL ( L). + +* 大阪に行ったことがありますか。 +* Have you been to Osaka? +* ↳ 京都行ったことがあります。 +* I have been to Kyoto ( Osaka). + +* あなた出来る! +* You can do it (). + +* 五分話せます。 +* I can speak for 5 minutes (). --- #### ば +It emphasises the **condition**, as a means to achieve your goal. + +It is also used to ask for **advice**. + +The outcome of the condition for ば is usually a **desirable** event. + +* Conditional > Grammar > Outcome +* Verb **え-vowel-form** > ば +* 読む > 読め > 読めば (五段 verbs) +* 食べる > 食べ > 食べれば (一段 verbs) + +* する > すれば +* る > れば + +--- + * A、B > If / When A happens, , B happens. There is more emphasis on the B clause here. * A、B > If A happens, B happens. There is more emphasis on the A clause here. -* があっ、飛べる。  I had wings, I could fly. (focus on what happens if you have wings) -* があれ、飛べる。  I had wings, I could fly. (focus on the wings themselves, if only I had wings) +* これを読め、わかります。 +* you read this, you will understand. -* お金があっ、家がかえる。  I had money, I could buy a house. (emphasis on what would happen, you may already have the money) -* お金があれ、家が買える。  I had money, I could buy a house. (emphasis on the if-part, maybe you do not have the money) +* セールに行け、服を安く買える。 +* you go to a sale, you can buy clothes cheaply. + * The emphasis is on the sale here. + + +* 質問があれ、いつでも聞いてください。 +* you have any questions, just ask anytime. + * ある is used to express a state of being. + + +* どうすれ、日本語が上手になりますか。 *(Asking for advice)* +* How can I become better at Japanese? + +* 美味しい物を食べれ、幸せになる。 +* I eat delicious things, I will become happy. + +##### ない-form, negative form + +* 行く > 行かない > 行かなければ + +##### ば and と + +Same meaning. But と is more factual and ば emphasises the condition. + +* ここにお金を、きっぷが出てくる。 +* you insert money here, a ticket () comes out. +* ここにお金を、きっぷが出てくる。 +* you insert money here, a ticket () comes out. + +##### ば and たら + +* があっ、飛べる。 +* I had wings, I could fly. (focus on what happens if you have wings) +* があれ、飛べる。 +* I had wings, I could fly. (focus on the wings themselves, if only I had wings) + +* お金があっ、家がかえる。 +* I had money, I could buy a house. *(emphasis on what would happen, you may already have the money)* +* お金があれ、家が買える。 +* I had money, I could buy a house. *(emphasis on the if-part, maybe you do not have the money)* + +* 晴れ、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)* +* it is sunny, I want to go to the beach. +* 晴れ、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)* +* it is sunny, I want to go to the beach. --- @@ -289,37 +534,60 @@ For adjectives: ある and いる are exceptional verbs that can be used with even when clause B is "~て(request)". * Adjective / ある / いる + ば、...て(ください)。 When / if, (please do...) -* 暑、窓を開けてください。  it is hot, please open the window. +* 暑、窓を開けてください。 +* it is hot, please open the window. --- It is also used for asking and giving advice. -* どうすれ、日本語が上手になりますか。 How can I improve my Japanese? (lit. I do how...) -* もっと勉強すれ、日本語が上手になるよ。  I study more, my Japanese will improve. (the outcome will be good) +* どうすれ、日本語が上手になりますか。 +* How can I improve my Japanese? (lit. I do how...) + +* もっと勉強すれ、日本語が上手になるよ。 +* I study more, my Japanese will improve. (the outcome will be good) Or expressions of regret, like: "it would have been good if..." -* 試験の前に、もっと勉強すれよかった。 I wish I studied more before the exam. (lit. It would have been good I studied more...) -* 飛行機に乗る前に、食べれよかった。 I wish I had eaten before getting on the airplane. (lit. It would have been good I had eaten...) -* 電話番号を聞けよかった。 I wish I had asked her phone number. (lit. It would have been good I asked...) -* カメラを持ってくれよかった。 I wish I had brought my camera. (lit. It would have been good I brought...) +* 試験の前に、もっと勉強すれよかった。 +* I wish I studied more before the exam. +* (lit. It would have been good I studied more...) + +* 飛行機に乗る前に、食べれよかった。 +* I wish I had eaten before getting on the airplane. +* (lit. It would have been good I had eaten...) + +* 電話番号を聞けよかった。 +* I wish I had asked her phone number. +* (lit. It would have been good I asked...) + +* カメラを持ってくれよかった。 +* I wish I had brought my camera. +* (lit. It would have been good I brought...) And its negation form: -* パーテイーになけれよかった。 I wish I didn't come to the party. (lit. It would have been good I did not come...) +* パーテイーになけれよかった。 +* I wish I didn't come to the party. +* (lit. It would have been good I did not come...) * る > ない -* 何も言わなけれよかった。 I wish I did not say anything. (lit. It would have been good I did not say...) +* 何も言わなけれよかった。  +* I wish I did not say anything. +* (lit. It would have been good I did not say...) * 言う > 言わない -* を教えなけれよかった。 I wish I did not tell my secret. (lit. It would have been good I did not tell/teach...) +* を教えなけれよかった。 +* I wish I did not tell my secret. +* (lit. It would have been good I did not tell/teach...) * 教える > 教えない -* このゲームを買わなけれよかった。 I wish I did not buy this game. (lit. It would have been good I did not buy...) +* このゲームを買わなけれよかった。 +* I wish I did not buy this game. +* (lit. It would have been good I did not buy...) * 買う > 買わない --- @@ -330,9 +598,11 @@ Puts more on "if" to make it hypothetical. It usually is at the start of the sentence. -* もし一億円あっ、どうする? What would you do you had 100 million yen? +* もし一億円あっ、どうする? +* What would you do you had 100 million yen? -* もししてい、何て言う? What would you say if I am pregnant? (here, a lot more emphasis is put on that it is hypothetical) +* もししてい、何て言う? +* What would you say if I am pregnant? (here, a lot more emphasis is put on that it is hypothetical) --- @@ -343,4 +613,6 @@ It usually is at the start of the sentence. * ["IF" conditional なら - part 3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_c3V882am0) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) * ["IF" ば & もし & "I wish I did - part 4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELgHWErsA_k) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) +* [Mastering Japanese Conditionals: と, たら, ば, なら](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocZfV_3gAM0) by [Learn Japanese with Moon-chan](https://www.youtube.com/@JapanesewithMoon-chan) + --- diff --git a/src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md b/src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md index af326af..d13351b 100644 --- a/src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md +++ b/src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ These pages contain my notes on learning the language. * [Expressions](./japanese/expressions) * [ために、ように、のに](./japanese/tameni-youni-noni) -* [と、たら、ば、なら](./japanese/if-when) +* [Conditionals: と、たら、ば、なら](./japanese/if-when) * [けど、けれど、けれども、のに](./japanese/but) ### て-forms @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ These pages contain my notes on learning the language. * [だけ vs しか](./japanese/dake-vs-shika) -* [とか vs たり vs し`](./japanese/toka-tari-shi) +* [とか vs たり vs し](./japanese/toka-tari-shi) #### Verbs