## Verbs

1. [意志動詞　Volitional Verbs](#意志動詞)
2. [非意志動詞　Non-Volitional Verbs](#非意志動詞)
3. [他動詞　Transitive Verbs](#他動詞)
4. [自動詞　Intransitive Verbs](#自動詞)
5. [受身形　Passive from](#受身形)
6. [使役形　Causative form](#使役形)

This page contains my notes on verb conjugation in Japanese.

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* 作る　to make
* 作れる　can make (potential form)
* 作れて　て-form of the potential form
* 作れてしまう　to be able to completely make

３分で作れてしまう。　You can make it in 3 minutes. *Nuance is, it may seem impossible, but it is possible.*

---

#### 意志動詞
##### Volitional Verbs

Volitional verbs describe actions performed with intent or will by the subject. The subject deliberately decides to do the action. These verbs are commonly used to express one's own actions or planned actions.

*Examples:*

* 食べる (たべる) - "to eat"
* 行く (いく) - "to go"
* 読む (よむ) - "to read"

*Example sentence:*

* 私は本を読む。- "I read a book."

Here, reading is an intentional action by the subject.

---

#### 非意志動詞
##### Non-Volitional Verbs

Non-volitional verbs describe actions or states that occur without the subject's intent. These are often natural events, spontaneous actions, or involuntary feelings. They are usually used to indicate something happening without control from the subject.

*Examples:*

* 降る (ふる) - "to fall" (as in rain)
* 驚く (おどろく) - "to be surprised"
* 眠る (ねむる) - "to sleep" (natural occurrence of sleepiness)

*Example sentence:*

* 雨が降る。- "It rains."
* In this case, the rain falls naturally without a person’s will or intent.

---

#### 他動詞
##### Transitive Verbs　たどうし

Transitive verbs act upon a direct object and require one to express what the action affects directly. Transitive verbs are often marked by the particle を (o), which indicates the object of the action.


* 開ける (あける) - "to open" (something)
* 閉める (しめる) - "to close" (something)
* 作る (つくる) - "to make"

* ドアを開ける。 - "I open the door."
* Here, ドア is the object directly affected by the action 開ける.


#### 自動詞
##### Intransitive Verbs　じどうし

Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object. The action occurs without directly impacting another entity, or the subject itself performs or experiences the action. They are often paired with particles like <Jps colour="c2" text="が"/> to indicate the subject.

* 開く (あく) - "to open" (by itself)
* 閉まる (しまる) - "to close" (by itself)
* 増える (ふえる) - "to increase"

* ドアが開く。- "The door opens."
* In this case, 開く shows the door opening without anyone performing the action.

##### List of verbs showing equivalents

| 他動詞                                  | 自動詞                                  |
| ------------------------------------------------------------ | -----------------------------------------------------------|
| <Furigana kanji="開" kana="あ"/>ける - "to open" (something)  | <Furigana kanji="開" kana="あ"/>く - "to open" (by itself)|
| <Furigana kanji="閉" kana="し"/>める - "to close" (something) | <Furigana kanji="閉" kana="し"/>まる - "to close" (by itself)|
| <Furigana kanji="消" kana="け"/>す - "to extinguish" (something) | <Furigana kanji="消" kana="き"/>える - "to extinguish" (by itself)|
| <Furigana kanji="止" kana="と"/>める - "to stop" (something) | <Furigana kanji="止" kana="と"/>まる - "to stop" (by itself)|
| <Furigana kanji="壊" kana="こわ"/>す - "to break" (something) | <Furigana kanji="壊" kana="こわ"/>れる - "to break" (by itself)|
| <Furigana kanji="焼" kana="や"/>く - "to burn", "to bake" (something) | <Furigana kanji="焼" kana="や"/>ける - "to burn", "to bake" (by itself)|
| かける - "to lock" (something) | かかる - "to lock" (by itself)|

---

#### 受身形
##### Passive from

* 笑う　to laugh
* 笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われる"/>　to be laughed at *(passive form)*
* 笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/>　was laughed at *(passive form)*

* あいつは笑った。　He laughed.
* あいつに笑<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/>。　He laughed at me. (offending)

* あいつは私の写真を撮った。　He took a picture of me.
* あいつは私の写真を撮<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。　He took a picture of me. (But I do not like that)

* 好きな人に<Furigana kanji="振" kana="ふ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。　My crush dumped/rejected me. (And I am upset)
* あいつに<Furigana kanji="携帯" kana="けいたい"/>を見<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。　He saw my phone. (And I am upset)
* たくさん食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。　(someone) ate so much. (and I am upset about that)

* 見<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>！　They saw me! (I don't like that)
* 見<Jps colour="c2" text="ちゃった"/>！　I saw it! (I regret it / Oh noes!)

Its not always anger, its a negative feeling.

* <Furigana kanji="配達" kana="はいたつ"/>の人に歌っているのを<Furigana kanji="聞" kana="き"/>かれた。　A deliveryman heard me singing. (And I am emberrassed)
* <Furigana kanji="隣" kana="となり"/>の人に<Furigana kanji="踊" kana="おど"/>っているのをみられた。　My neighbour saw me dancing. (And I am emberrassed)

Not always is the passive form offensive or negative, its also used to speak from a different perspective;

* 誕生日を聞<Jps colour="c1" text="かれた"/>。　I was asked for my birthday. (...asked me for my birthday)
* 山田さんに誕生日を聞<Jps colour="c1" text="かれた"/>。　Yamada-san asked me for my birthday.

* 友達に「写真を撮って」って<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/><Jps colour="c1" text="まれた"/>。My friend asked me "please take a picture".
* 友達に写真を撮るように<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/>まれました。　My friend asked me to take a picture.

Do not use;
* 友達は私に「写真を撮って」って<Furigana kanji="頼" kana="たの"/>んだ。　*It sounds pretty unnatural.*

* この家<Jps colour="c2" text="は"/>1987年に<Furigana kanji="建" kana="た"/>てられた。　This house was built　in 1987.

Note that you do not use the <Jps colour="c2" text="を"/> particle here, you are not annoyed that this house was built.

* 山田さんに家<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="を"/><Furigana kanji="建" kana="た"/>てられた。　Yamada-san built a house (and I am upset).

---

Take care, iru and eru verbs conjugate *both* to: ~られる for *Passive* but also for *Potential* forms.

* 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。　*passive form* (to be eaten, someone eats and I am upset)
* 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="(ら)れる"/>。　*potential form* (can eat) ら is usually omitted in informal speech.

* お姉ちゃんに食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。　*passive form* My older sister ate it. (and I am upset)
* 箸で食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。　*potential form* I can eat with chopsticks.

This is not the case for every verb though. Check the verbs conjugation rules.
* ~<Furigana kanji="殴" kana="なぐ"/>られる *passive form* I am hit (and I am upset).
* ~<Furigana kanji="殴" kana="なぐ"/>れる *potential form*　I can hit.
* 買われる　*passive form* someone buys (and I am upset).
* 買える　*potential form*　I can buy.
* 言われる　*passive form* someone says (and I am upset).
* 言える　*potential form* I can say.

* ばかって言<Jps colour="c1" text="われた"/>。　I was told I am stupid.
* 彼女に料理がまずかったって言われた。　My girlfriend told me that the food I made tasted bad (and I am upset).

* 窓が開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られる"/>。 *potential form* I can open the window. (because of strong wind)
* 窓を開けるよ。 I can open it. (I will do it for you)
* 窓は開いています。　*intransitive verb* The window is open.
* 窓は開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。　*passive form* The window was opened.
* 窓<Jps colour="c2" text="は"/>山田さん<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。The window was opened by Yamada-san.
* 山田さん<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>窓<Jps colour="c2" text="を"/>開け<Jps colour="c1" text="られた"/>。Yamada-san opened the window (and I am upset).

Negative forms:

* 食べられない。　will not be eaten / cannot eat
* たべられなかった。　was not eaten / could not eat 

* <Furigana kanji="鹿" kana="しか"/>はライオンに食べられなかった。　The deer was not eaten by the lion.　Told from perspective of the deer.
* ライオンは<Furigana kanji="鹿" kana="しか"/>を食べなかった。　Same meaning, but told from perspective of the lion.

Irregular verbs:

* ~する　>　される　*passive form*
 * ネタバレされた。　Someone spoiled (the story) (and I am upset).
 * <Furigana kanji="浮気" kana="うわき"/>された。　Someone cheated on me (and I am upset).
* ~する　>　できる　*potential form*
 * 料理できる。　I can cook.

* ~<Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る　>　<Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>られる　*passive form*
* ~<Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る　>　<Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>られる　*potential form*

###### 関係する動画

* [PASSIVE form┃-られた (rareta)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPOA3OYFnj4) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)

---

#### 使役形
##### Causative form

* 食べる　>　食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>　>　食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させます"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody eat.
* 食べる　>　食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させない"/>　>　食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させません"/> To <Jps colour="c1" text="not make"/> somebody eat.
* 友達にケーキを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させた"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> my friend eat a cake.
* 子供に野菜を食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させません"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="do not force"/> my children to eat vegetables.

* 見る　>　見させる　To make somebody watch.
* みさはみんなに<Furigana kanji="名探偵" kana="めいたんてい"/>ピカチュウの映画を見<Jps colour="c1" text="させた"/>。　Misa made everyone watch the [Detective Pikachu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Pikachu_(film)) film.

* 行く　>　行<Jps colour="c1" text="かせる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody go.
* <Furigana kanji="後輩" kana="こうはい"/><Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>コンビニ<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>行<Jps colour="c1" text="かせた"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> my kouhai go to the convenience store.
* <Furigana kanji="後輩" kana="こうはい"/><Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>コンビニ<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/>飲み物を買いに行<Jps colour="c1" text="かせた"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> my kouhai go to the convenience store to buy a drink.

* 飲む　>　飲<Jps colour="c1" text="ませる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody drink.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>は<Furigana kanji="後輩" kana="こうはい"/>にお酒を飲ませた。　Senpai <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> kouhai drink alcohol.

* 立つ　>　立たない　Do not stand.
* 立つ　>　立<Jps colour="c1" text="たせる"/>、立<Jps colour="c1" text="たせた"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make/made"/> someone stand.
* 先生は学生に立<Jps colour="c1" text="たせました"/>。　The teacher <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> the student stand.

* 待つ　>　待<Jps colour="c1" text="たせる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody wait.
* お待たせしました！

* 写真を撮る　>　写真を撮<Jps colour="c1" text="らせる"/>。　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody take a picture.

* 売る　>　売<Jps colour="c1" text="らせる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody sell.
* 乗る　>　乗<Jps colour="c1" text="らせる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody ride.

* 押す　>　押<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody push.
* 話す　>　話<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody speak.
* みさはみんなに日本語<Jps colour="c2" text="で"/>話<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>。　Misa <Jps colour="c1" text="makes"/> everyone speak <Jps colour="c2" text="in"/> Japanese.

* 歌う　>　歌わない
* 歌う　>　歌<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody sing.
* 買う　>　買<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody buy.
* 言う　>　言<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody say.
* 笑う　>　笑<Jps colour="c1" text="わせる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody laugh. (It does not mean force, the nuance here that it is a good thing to make someone laugh).

* する　>　<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody do.
* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る　>　<Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>　To <Jps colour="c1" text="make"/> somebody come.

* 息子に:ゲームを<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>前に、宿題を<Jps colour="c1" text="させた"/>。　Before letting my son play a game, I <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/> him do homework.

---

##### させてあげる、させてくれる、させてもらう

To change the meaning into "to <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> somebody do something", add the following grammar:
* に<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てあげる"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> somebody do something.

* 食べる。　I eat.
* 食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="させる"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="made"/>。 　somebody eat.
* 食べ<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てあげる"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> somebody eat.

* 子供にケーキをたべ<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てあげる"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> my child eat the cake.

To say something like "somebody <Jps colour="c1" text="let me"/>...", you use this grammar:

* が<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれる"/>。　Somebody <Jps colour="c1" text="let me"/> do something.
* 食べ<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれる"/>。　Somebody <Jps colour="c1" text="let me"/> eat.
* お母さんがケーキを食べ<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれた"/>。　My mother <Jps colour="c1" text="let me"/> eat the cake.
* お母さんがケーキを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="てくれた"/>。　My mother ate the cake <Jps colour="c1" text="for me"/>.

* <Furigana kanji="続" kana="つづ"/>ける。　To continue, to keep doing
* ゲームを<Furigana kanji="続" kana="つづ"/>け<Jps colour="c2" text="させる"/>。　To <Jps colour="c2" text="make"/> somebody keep playing the game.
* ゲームを<Furigana kanji="続" kana="つづ"/>け<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てあげた"/>。　To <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> somebody keep playing the game.
* 息子にゲームを<Furigana kanji="続" kana="つづ"/>け<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てあげた"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> my son keep playing the game.
* お父さんがゲームを<Furigana kanji="続" kana="つづ"/>け<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれた"/>。　My father <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> me keep playing the game.
* お父さんがゲームを<Furigana kanji="続" kana="つづ"/>け<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれなかった"/>。　My father <Jps colour="c1" text="did not let"/> me keep playing the game.

* 飲む。　To drink
* 飲<Jps colour="c2" text="ませる"/>。　To <Jps colour="c2" text="make"/> somebody drink.
* 飲<Jps colour="c2" text="ませ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てあげる"/>。　To <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> somebody drink.
* 娘にジュースを飲<Jps colour="c2" text="ませ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てあげた"/>。　I <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> my daughter drink juice.
* 友達が<Furigana kanji="一口" kana="ひとくち"/>飲<Jps colour="c2" text="ませ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれた"/>。　My friend <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> me take a sip.
* 先生が答え<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれた"/>。　My teacher <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> me answer.
* 両親が一人で日本に行<Jps colour="c2" text="かせ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれた"/>。　My parents <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> me go to Japan by myself.　(Nuance: they allowed me this favour), (This shows appreciation).
* 両親に一人で日本に行<Jps colour="c2" text="かせ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てもらった"/>。　My parents <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> me go to Japan by myself. (Nuance: they didnt really want to, but let me) (I asked them and they let me).

* 友達の家<Jps colour="c2" text="が"/><Furigana kanji="泊" kana="と"/>ま<Jps colour="c2" text="らせ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれた"/>。　My friend <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> me stay at his/her house (my friend offered me, I did not ask).
* 友達の家<Jps colour="c2" text="に"/><Furigana kanji="泊" kana="と"/>ま<Jps colour="c2" text="らせ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てもらった"/>。　My friend <Jps colour="c1" text="let"/> me stay at his/her house (because I asked).

Note that negations are not really used with てもらう but only with てくれる。It can be correct, but its not used.
* 友達が<Furigana kanji="泊" kana="と"/>ま<Jps colour="c2" text="らせ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれなかった"/>。　My friend <Jps colour="c1" text="did not let"/> me stay.
* 両親が食べながらテレビを見<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれない"/>。　My parents <Jps colour="c1" text="do not let"/> me watch television while I eat.
* 両親がテレビを見ながら食べJps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てくれません"/>。　My parents <Jps colour="c1" text="do not let"/> eat while I watch television.

* ~<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てもらって"/>もいいですか。　Is it okay if you <Jps colour="c1" text="let me"/> do something?
* ~<Jps colour="c2" text="させ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てもらえ"/>ませんか。　Could you <Jps colour="c1" text="let me"/> do something?
* 使<Jps colour="c2" text="わせ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てもらって"/>もいいですか。　Is it okay if you <Jps colour="c1" text="let me"/> use something?
* 使<Jps colour="c2" text="わせ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="てもらえ"/>ませんか。　Could you <Jps colour="c1" text="let me"/> use something?

Usually, the shorter form is just used though:

* 使ってもいいですか。

###### 関係する動画

* [CAUSATIVE form┃-part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpo7YOytU6c) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
* [CAUSATIVE form┃-part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dunBnCI1iP0) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)