diff --git a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/cheat-sheet.md b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/cheat-sheet.md index c09e95c..cc805bd 100644 --- a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/cheat-sheet.md +++ b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/cheat-sheet.md @@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ This is a collection of grammar that I use to glimpse over in order to remember --- +## 文法 + +* これは紙を切る[のに](./tameni-youni-noni#のに)使うはさみです。　These scissors are used cut paper. + +--- + 「使っといて」: This is colloquial and means "having used" or "using and leaving it in that state,". 「食べといた」: This means "ate it in advance" or "ate it beforehand," suggesting the speaker ate it in preparation for something. @@ -55,4 +61,7 @@ This is a collection of grammar that I use to glimpse over in order to remember --- -「乗れたほうがいいよ」: This means "It’s better if you can ride," which sounds like advice rather than a statement of progress. \ No newline at end of file +「乗れたほうがいいよ」: This means "It’s better if you can ride," which sounds like advice rather than a statement of progress. + +--- + diff --git a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/contrast-particle.md b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/contrast-particle.md index 1aad0b2..97af2dd 100644 --- a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/contrast-particle.md +++ b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/contrast-particle.md @@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ The is the I don't like octopus." +* ドイツ語が話せません。でも、オランダ語話せます。　I don't speak German, I can speak Dutch. + * オランダ語話せます。　(Shorter reply) + + #### 関係する動画 * [Episode21 「は」は時々（ときどき）「を」と「が」にとって代（か）わるけど、いつ？ "Wa" sometimes replaces "o" and "ga". When?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_h0H-V9C4A) by: [Private Japanese Lessons](https://www.youtube.com/@PrivateJapaneseLessons) diff --git a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/if-when.md b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/if-when.md index 96ec4b5..2d72edf 100644 --- a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/if-when.md +++ b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/if-when.md @@ -1,18 +1,32 @@ -## たら、　と、　ば、　なら +# と、たら、ば、なら --- -6. [と when / if > (always)](#と) +1. [と 　- when / if > (always)](#と) +2. [たら - when / if > (then)](#たら) +3. [なら - when / if > (first)](#なら) +4. [ば　 - if](#ば) +5. [もし - empdasis on: if](#もし) --- -### と - "If I go", can be phrased with: -* 行く -* 行け * 行く +* 行く * 行く +* 行け + +* A、B > If / When A happens, B happens. +* A、B > If / When A happens, , B happens. +* A、B > If / When A is going to happen, B happens . + +Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the past. Only can be used here. + +* 食べすぎ、気持ち悪くなった。　 I ate too much, I felt sick. + +--- + +#### と * 春になる、さくらが咲きます。　 spring comes, cherry blossoms () bloom. * デスノートに人の名前を書く、その人は死ぬ。　 you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person () dies. @@ -29,6 +43,7 @@ * Emphasis on **when**, the time, when you press. * It sounds like an answer to the question: "When does it hurt?" > "When I press here..." + * 目をじる、何も見えない。　 you close your eyes, you () can see nothing. * じる　（とじる）- Is used for closing eyes, books. * める　（しめる）- Is used for closing doors, windows. @@ -39,13 +54,14 @@ * 電気をつける、部屋が明るくなる。　 you turn on the light, the room () becomes bright. * 明るい + なる　＞　明るなる + * このボタンを押す、飲み物がてくる。　 you press this button, a drink () comes out. * 水に携帯を落す、壊れる。　 you drop your phone in water it () breaks. * 牛乳を飲む、お腹が痛くなる。　 I drink milk, my stomach () hurts. * 痛くなる is used here, to indicate it happens you drink it (become hurt). * アップルパイを食べる、幸せになるます。　 I eat apple pie, I () became happy. -* アップルパイを食べ、太る。　 I eat 　apple pie, I () became fat. -* お酒を飲み、気持ち悪くなる。　 I drink 　alcohol, I () became sick. +* アップルパイを食べ、太る。　 I eat apple pie, I () became fat. +* お酒を飲み、気持ち悪くなる。　 I drink alcohol, I () became sick. * する、話せなくなる。　 I get nervous, I () cannot speak. * ピノキオはをつく、鼻がびる。　 Pinokkio lies, his nose () grows. * 休まない、間違えちゃうよ。　 I do not rest, you will () make a mistake (and you will not like that). @@ -56,12 +72,275 @@ There is a special usage of と, to indicate a **suprising outcome**. * ランプをこする、ジーニーがれました。　 I rubbed the lamp, () a Genie appeared. * 「plain present tense」 と　「past tense」 + * 右足し、左足す、歩ける。　 you move your right leg forward your left leg forward, you () can walk. --- -###### 関係する動画 +#### たら -* ["IF" / "WHEN" （と vs たら vs とき) - part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-THHO4iHWE) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) +「」can do all the things that can. + +* 食べすぎる、太る。　 I eat too much, I () get fat. +* 食べすぎ、太る。　 I eat too much, () I get fat. + +Still, sounds more natural if something happens. + +* ピーナッツを食べる、死んじゃう。　 I eat peanuts, I () die. *(Its as good as certain here)* +* ピーナッツを食べ、死んじゃう。　 I eat peanuts () I die. *(But, it might not happen, its not always)* + +If clause 1 happens, then clause 2 happens. + +* 明日雨が降っ、家にいる。　 it rains, () I will stay home. +* 勉強しなかっ、試験に合格できない。　 I do not study, () I cannot pass the exam. +* またれ、になる。　 I am late again, () I will get fired. +* またをつい、さない。　 you lie again, () I will not forgive you. +* 車を運転し、をこすと思う。　 I drive a car, () I think I will cause an accident. +* 車を運転し、をこすと思う、運転したくない。　I do not want to drive, I drive a car, () I think I will cause an accident. +* 質問があっ、せず何でも聞いてください。　 you have a question, () feel free to ask me anything. +* お金があっ、何がしたいですか。　 you had money, () what would you do? +* お金があっ、を旅行する。　 I had money, () I would travel around the world. +* 彼女がい、このレストランにれてくる。　 I had a girlfriend, () I would bring her to this restaurant. + * 「object」を持ってくる。　To bring (object) + * 「location」に「someone」をれてくる。To bring (someone) to (location) + + +* 明日はれ、ピクニックをしましょう。　 in is sunny tomorrow, lets have a picnic. + +In this case, you cannot use と, because it does not always happens, unless: + +* 晴れる、ピクニックをする。　 it is sunny, I have a picnic. + + +Remember that does not always have to mean "" it can also mean "". + +* 食べすぎ、太った。　 I ate to much, I got fat (its already a fact, it happened). +* 食べすぎ、太った。　 I ate to much, I got fat (Here it emphasises the time. It sounds like an answer to: "**When** did you get fat?"). + +* ドアをっ、足の骨がれた。　 I kicked the door, () I broke my leg. +* ドアをっ、足の骨がれた。　 I kicked the door, I broke my leg. + +* マリオはキノコをったら、大きくなった。　 Mario took the mushroom, () he got bigger. + +* し、どうする？　What I fail? +* 俺が実はスパイダーマン、どうする？　What 　I am actually Spiderman? + * Noun + + + +* かわい。　 it is cute. +* その映画が面白、見る。　 the movie is interesting, () I will watch it. + * い-adjective + 　*(past tense + ら)* + + +* 静か。　 it is quiet. + * な-adjective + *(past tense + ら)* + + +**Negation forms** + +* Verb + なかったら + * 行かなかったら　 I dont go +* い-adjective (い > く) + なかったら +* な-adjective (な > じゃ) + なかったら +* Noun + じゃ + なかったら + +* 私が行、どうする？　 I don't go, what do I do? +* 間に合、先に行ってね。　 I don't make it on time, () go ahead (without me). +* 好きじゃ、食べなくてもいいよ。　 you don't like it, () you don't have to eat it. + +##### Past form + +Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the past. Only can be used here. + +* 食べすぎ、気持ち悪くなった。　 I ate too much, I felt sick. + + +##### て and たら + +There is also a difference in the nuance to "then". + +* テレビをみて、寝た。　I watched television and went to sleep. + * But note that clause 1 is not a cause for clause 2. Its an order of things. + +* テレビをみ、寝た。　 I watched television, went to sleep. + * Here, watching television is the cause of going to sleep. + +* ~、...て（ください） + * When / if ~, (please do...) + +* 暑かっ、窓を開けてください。　 it is hot, please open the window. +* 見つかっ、電話してください。　 you find it, please call me. + +See also the [ば](#ば) form for these request forms. + +--- + +#### なら + +なら is used a a conditional if. + +* 日本に行く、まずカメラを買う。　 I go to Japan, I will get a camera first. + * Here, you cannot use because you want to do something before the other thing happens. should be used instead. + * Clause 2 happens first, then clause 1 happens. + +Difference between たら and なら. + +* になっ、お金持ちになる。　 I become president, () I will be a rich person + * *(clause 2 is a direct result of clause 1).* +* になっ、お金持ちになる。　 I become president, () I will be a rich person + * *(First you need the money, in order to become president).* + + +* 日本に住ん、日本語が話せるようになる。　 I live in Japan, () I will be able to speak in Japanese. +* 日本で働きたい、日本語を勉強しなきゃ。　 I want to live in Japan, () I must study Japanese. + + +* 明日雨が降っ、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。　 it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic. + * *(This does not sound like you just found out about the rain, but more like: if A then B. There is no context)* +* 明日雨が降る、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。　 it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic. + * *(You already know it might rain, so given the context of A, then B.)* + + +* 頭が痛かっ、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。　 your head hurts, you should take medicine. + * *(no context, just a statement)* +* 頭が痛い、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。　 your head hurts, you should take medicine. + * *(context, maybe your friend told you he or she has a headache)* + + +なら is also used in situations where you do something because someone said so. If you say/do A, I will do B. + +* がそう言う。　 you (senpai) say so. +* がそう言う、　私も行きます。　 you (senpai) say so, I will go too. +* が好き、この曲はすごいはず。　 senpai likes it, then this music it must be awesome. +* がタバコをやめる、私もタバコをやめる。　 senpai quits smoking, I will quit smoking too. + + +##### 例文 + +* ドレスをかう、まずせる。　 I buy a dress, () I will lose weight first. +* 子供がほしい、結婚しなきゃ（だめだ）。　 you want a child, () you must get married. + * なきゃ（だめだ）means: its no good if you dont do... + + +* に行きたいんですが。　I would like to get to Shibuya station. +* ↳ に行きたい、　JRにりえてください。　 you would like to go to Shibuya station please transfer to the [JR Yamanote line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanote_Line). + +* を使う、外に出てください。　 you want to use your phone, please go outside. + +* けたくない、強くならなきゃだめだ！　 you do not want to lose, you must become stronger! + * 強くなら　To become strong + +* 日本語が上手になりたい、　もっと練習しなきゃ。 you want to become better at Japanese, you have to practice. + +* がありますか。　Do you have green tea? +* ↳ あります。　We have black tea ( green tea) + +* Lサイズがありますか。　Do you have size L? +* ↳ XLあります。　We have XL ( L). + +* 大阪に行ったことがありますか。　Have you been to Osaka? +* ↳ 京都行ったことがあります。　I have been to Kyoto ( Osaka). + +* あなた出来る！　You can do it (). +* 五分話せます。　I can speak for 5 minutes (). + +--- + +#### ば + +* A、B > If / When A happens, , B happens. There is more emphasis on the B clause here. +* A、B > If A happens, B happens. There is more emphasis on the A clause here. + +* があっ、飛べる。　 I had wings, I could fly.　（focus on what happens if you have wings） +* があれ、飛べる。　 I had wings, I could fly.　（focus on the wings themselves, if only I had wings） + +* お金があっ、家がかえる。　 I had money, I could buy a house.　(emphasis on what would happen, you may already have the money) +* お金があれ、家が買える。　 I had money, I could buy a house.　(emphasis on the if-part, maybe you do not have the money) + +--- + +Conjugation for verbs is done by changing to and add . + +* 食べる　＞　食べ +* 見る　　＞　見 +* 書く　　＞　書 +* 話す　　＞　話 +* する　　＞　す +* る　　＞　 + +For adjectives: + +* い-adjectives change to: +* 寒い　　　　＞　寒 +* かわいい　　＞　かわい +* いい　　　　＞　よ +* かっこいい　＞　かっこよ + +な-adjectives tend to be used only in formal speech. The たら form is mostly used. + +* な-adjectives change to: / + * 「」is very official in tone. + * 「」is only used in writing. + +* 静かな　＞　静か　＞　静か　 it is quiet. + +--- + +ある and いる are exceptional verbs that can be used with even when clause B is "~て（request）". +* Adjective / ある / いる + ば、...て（ください）。　When / if, (please do...) + +* 暑、窓を開けてください。　 it is hot, please open the window. + +--- + +It is also used for asking and giving advice. + +* どうすれ、日本語が上手になりますか。　How can I improve my Japanese?　(lit. I do how...) +* もっと勉強すれ、日本語が上手になるよ。　 I study more, my Japanese will improve.　(the outcome will be good) + +Or expressions of regret, like: "it would have been good if..." + +* 試験の前に、もっと勉強すれよかった。　I wish I studied more before the exam.　(lit. It would have been good I studied more...) +* 飛行機に乗る前に、食べれよかった。　I wish I had eaten before getting on the airplane.　(lit. It would have been good I had eaten...) +* 電話番号を聞けよかった。　I wish I had asked her phone number.　(lit. It would have been good I asked...) +* カメラを持ってくれよかった。　I wish I had brought my camera.　(lit. It would have been good I brought...) + +And its negation form: + +* パーテイーになけれよかった。　I wish I didn't come to the party.　(lit. It would have been good I did not come...) + * る　＞　ない + + +* 何も言わなけれよかった。　I wish I did not say anything.　(lit. It would have been good I did not say...) + * 言う　＞　言わない + + +* を教えなけれよかった。　I wish I did not tell my secret. (lit. It would have been good I did not tell/teach...) + * 教える　＞　教えない + + +* このゲームを買わなけれよかった。　I wish I did not buy this game.　(lit. It would have been good I did not buy...) + * 買う　＞　買わない + +--- + +#### もし + +Puts more on "if" to make it hypothetical. Is used in combination with: たら、なら and ば. + +It usually is at the start of the sentence. + +* もし一億円あっ、どうする？　What would you do you had 100 million yen? + +* もししてい、何て言う？　What would you say if I am pregnant?　(here, a lot more emphasis is put on that it is hypothetical) + +--- + +#### 関係する動画 + +* ["IF" / "WHEN" （と vs たら vs とき) - part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-THHO4iHWE) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) +* ["IF" / "WHEN" たら - part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFX0AaNhlEw) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) +* ["IF" conditional なら - part 3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_c3V882am0) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) +* ["IF" ば & もし & "I wish I did - part 4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELgHWErsA_k) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa) --- diff --git a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/tameni-youni-noni.md b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/tameni-youni-noni.md index 6305bf2..f90e498 100644 --- a/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/tameni-youni-noni.md +++ b/src/Pages/Japan/Japanese/en/tameni-youni-noni.md @@ -2,16 +2,17 @@ --- -### 文法 +1. [のに](#のに) --- +### 文法 + * V-る＋ * N＋の＋＋V * Subject は V1＋ V2 * Subject does Verb 2 Verb 1 ---- * V-る＋ * V-ない＋ @@ -74,15 +75,26 @@ #### のに -Means, "in order to ~". +Means, "in order to ~", "to". -この絵を描く, 1か月かかります。　It took one month to draw this picture. (lit. draw this picture, it took 1 month.) +It is often used with these verb combinations: -このは、セーターを洗う使います。　This detergent is used wash sweaters. +V++使う　V++役に立つ　V++いい　V++便利　V++　V++必要　　 -スマートフォンは音楽を聞く便利です。　Smartphone are useful listen to music. -話している、に寝。　My kohai fell asleep (I am upset) **, I was talking. +* このは、セーターを洗う使います。　This detergent is used wash sweaters. + +* これは紙を切る使うはさみです。　These scissors are used cut paper. + +* スマートフォンは音楽を聞く便利です。　Smartphone are useful listen to music. + +* 会議をうズームを使います。　I use Zoom hold a meeting. + +* お弁当を温める電子レンジを使います。　I use a microwave heat up a bento meal. + +* この絵を描く, 1か月かかります。　It took one month to draw this picture. (lit. draw this picture, it took 1 month.) + +* 話している、に寝。　My kohai fell asleep (I am upset) **, I was talking. --- diff --git a/src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md b/src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md index c4a1532..00327ac 100644 --- a/src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md +++ b/src/Pages/Japan/en/main.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ These pages contain my notes on learning the language. * [Cheat sheet](./japanese/cheat-sheet) * [ために、ように、のに](./japanese/tameni-youni-noni) -* [たら、　と、　ば、　なら](./japanese/if-when) +* [と、たら、ば、なら](./japanese/if-when) ### Particles (助詞、じょし)