# と、たら、ば、なら

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1. [と 　- when / if > (always)](#と)
2. [たら - when / if > (then)](#たら)
3. [なら - when / if > (first)](#なら)
4. [ば　 - if](#ば)
5. [もし - emphasis on: if](#もし)

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"If I go", can be phrased with:
* 行く<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>
* 行っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>
* 行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>
* 行け<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>

* A<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、B > If / When A happens, B <Jps colour="c1" text="always"/> happens.
* A<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、B > If / When A happens, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>, B happens.
* A<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、B > If / When A is going to happen, B happens <Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>.

Note that と、なら and ば cannot be used for something that happened in the past. Only <Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/> can be used here.

* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、気持ち悪くなった。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate too much, I felt sick.

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#### と

Expresses **facts** or things that **always** happen. It cannot express wish, will or request.

* Conditional　＞　Grammar　＞　Outcome
* Verb **Dictionary-form**　＞　と

* 春になる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、さくらが咲きます。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> spring comes, cherry blossoms (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) bloom.

* ここを押す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、電気がつく。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you press here, the light (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) turns on.

* ここにお金を<Furigana kanji="入" kana="い"/>れる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、きっぷが出てくる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you insert money here, a ticket (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) comes out.

* 朝起きる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、水を飲む。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I wake up in the morning, I drink water.

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It can also describe things that happened in the past.

* スーパーに行<Jps underline=true text="く"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、セールをしてい<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="た"/>。
* I went to the supermarket <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> they <Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="had"/> a sale.

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##### と、とき

* デスノートに人の名前を書く<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、その人は死ぬ。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) dies.
* デスノートに人の名前を書く<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、その人は死ぬ。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you write a persons name in the deathnote, that person (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) dies.
  * Puts a lot more emphasis on "the moment I am writing...", rather than: when A happens, then B.


* 歩く<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、お母さんから電話が来た。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I was walking, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) got a phone call from my mother (Does not make much sense).
* 歩いていた<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、お母さんから電話が来た。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> 
* I was walking, I got a phone call from my mother (Here, A has nothing to do with B, its not a direct cause).

* ここを押す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、痛い。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I press here, it (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) hurts.
  * If it has been that way for quite a while and it always hurts.


* ここを押す<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、痛い。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I press here, it hurts.
  * Emphasis on **when**, the time, when you press.
  * It sounds like an answer to the question: "When does it hurt?" > "When I press here..."


* 目を<Furigana kanji="閉" kana="と"/>じる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、何も見えない。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you close your eyes, you (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) can see nothing.
  * <Furigana kanji="閉" kana="と"/>じる　（とじる）- Is used for closing eyes, books.
  * <Furigana kanji="閉" kana="し"/>める　（しめる）- Is used for closing doors, windows.


* 眼鏡をかけない<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、何も見えない。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do not wear glasses, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) can see nothing.

* 電気を消す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、部屋が暗くなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you turn off the light, the room (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) becomes dark.
  * 暗い + なる　＞　暗<Jps colour="c2" text="く"/>なる


* 電気をつける<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、部屋が明るくなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you turn on the light, the room (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) becomes bright.
  * 明るい + なる　＞　明る<Jps colour="c2" text="く"/>なる


* このボタンを押す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、飲み物が<Furigana kanji="出" kana="で"/>てくる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you press this button, a drink (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) comes out.
* 水に携帯を落す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、壊れる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you drop your phone in water it (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) breaks.
* 牛乳を飲む<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、お腹が痛くなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I drink milk, my stomach (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) hurts.
  * 痛くなる is used here, to indicate it happens <Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="after"/> you drink it (become hurt).


* アップルパイを食べる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、幸せになるます。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I eat apple pie, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) became happy.
* アップルパイを食べ<Jps colour="c2" text="すぎる"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、太る。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I eat <Jps colour="c2" text="too much"/> apple pie, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) became fat.
* お酒を飲み<Jps colour="c2" text="すぎる"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、気持ち悪くなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I drink <Jps colour="c2" text="too much"/> alcohol, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) became sick.
* <Furigana kanji="緊張" kana="きんちょう"/>する<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、話せなくなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I get nervous, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) cannot speak.
* ピノキオは<Furigana kanji="嘘" kana="うそ"/>をつく<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、鼻が<Furigana kanji="伸" kana="の"/>びる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> Pinokkio lies, his nose (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) grows.
* 休まない<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、間違えちゃうよ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do not rest, you will (<Jps colour="c1" text="definitely"/>) make a mistake (and you will not like that).
* ダブルクリックしない<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、ファイルが<Furigana kanji="開" kana="ひら"/>けれないよ。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you do not double-click, you (<Jps colour="c1" text="definitely"/>) cannot open the file.
* ピカチュウが<Furigana kanji="捕" kana="つか"/>まえらない<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、泣きたくなる。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I cannot catch Pikachu, I (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) feel like I want to cry.

There is a special usage of と, to indicate a **suprising outcome**.
* ランプをこする<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、ジーニーが<Furigana kanji="現" kana="あらわ"/>れました。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I rubbed the lamp, (<Jps colour="c1" text="surprisingly"/>) a Genie appeared.
  * 「plain present tense」 と　「past tense」


* 右足<Furigana kanji="出" kana="だ"/>し<Jps colour="c2" text="て"/>、左足<Furigana kanji="出" kana="だ"/>す<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、歩ける。　<Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you move your right leg forward <Jps colour="c2" text="and then"/> your left leg forward, you (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) can walk.

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#### たら

Expresses both **hypothetical** and **definite** situations (like と).

It is used often for *what-if* stories and can express wish, will or request.

* Conditional　＞　Grammar　＞　Outcome
* Verb **た-form**　＞　ら

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* ひまになっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、教えて。
* Let me know <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> you are free.
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you are free, let me know.

* 晴れ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)*
* I want to go to the beach <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> it is sunny.
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I want to go to the beach.

* 昼になっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、出かける。 *(Definite situation)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> it is noon, I will go out.

* 空を飛べ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、世界一周したい。 *(Hypothetical, What-if situation)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I could fly in the sky, I would like to go around the world.

* 家に帰っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、ゲームをしてもいい？ *(expresses a request)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I get home, can I play games?

Comparison with と

「<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>」can do all the things that <Jps colour="c2" text="と"/> can.

* 食べすぎる<Jps colour="c2" text="と"/>、太る。　
* <Jps colour="c2" text="If"/> I eat too much, I (<Jps colour="c2" text="always"/>) get fat.
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、太る。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I eat too much, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I get fat.

Still, <Jps colour="c2" text="と"/> sounds more natural if something <Jps colour="c2" text="always"/> happens.

* ピーナッツを食べる<Jps colour="c2" text="と"/>、死んじゃう。　
* <Jps colour="c2" text="If"/> I eat peanuts, I (<Jps colour="c2" text="always"/>) die. *(Its as good as certain here)*
* ピーナッツを食べ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、死んじゃう。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I eat peanuts (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I die. *(But, it might not happen, its not always)*

Past form, it has the same meaning and the same nuances.

* スーパーに行<Jps underline=true text="く"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、セールをしてい<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="た"/>。
* I went to the supermarket <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> they <Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="had"/> a sale.
* スーパーに行<Jps underline=true text="く"/><Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、セールをしてい<Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="た"/>。
* I went to the supermarket <Jps colour="c1" text="when"/> they <Jps colour="c2" underline=true text="had"/> a sale.

But remember, と cannot express requests.

* 寒い<Jps colour="c3" strikethrough=true text="と"/>、服を着て。
* 寒かっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、服を着て。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> it is cold, wear clothes.　*Expresses a request*  

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If clause 1 happens, then clause 2 happens.

* 明日雨が降っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、家にいる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will stay home.

* 勉強しなかっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、試験に合格できない。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do not study, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I cannot pass the exam.

* また<Furigana kanji="遅" kana="おく"/>れ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="首" kana="くび"/>になる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I am late again, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will get fired.

* また<Furigana kanji="嘘" kana="うそ"/>をつい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="許" kana="ゆる"/>さない。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you lie again, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will not forgive you. 

* 車を運転し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="事故" kana="じこ"/>を<Furigana kanji="起" kana="お"/>こすと思う。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I drive a car, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I think I  will cause an accident.

* 車を運転し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="事故" kana="じこ"/>を<Furigana kanji="起" kana="お"/>こすと思う<Jps colour="c2" text="から"/>、運転したくない。　
* I do not want to drive, <Jps colour="c2" text="because"/> <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I drive a car, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I think I  will cause an accident.

* 質問があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="遠慮" kana="えんりょ"/>せず何でも聞いてください。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you have a question, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) feel free to ask me anything.

* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、何がしたいですか。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you had money, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) what would you do?

* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、<Furigana kanji="世界中" kana="せかいじゅう"/>を旅行する。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I would travel around the world.

* 彼女がい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、このレストランに<Furigana kanji="連" kana="つ"/>れてくる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had a girlfriend, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I would bring her to this restaurant.
  * 「object」を持ってくる。　To bring (object)
  * 「location」に「someone」を<Furigana kanji="連" kana="つ"/>れてくる。To bring (someone) to (location)


* 明日はれ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、ピクニックをしましょう。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> in is sunny tomorrow, lets have a picnic.

In this case, you cannot use と, because it does not always happens, unless:

* 晴れる<Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、<Jps colour="c2" text="いつも"/>ピクニックをする。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I <Jps colour="c2" text="always"/> have a picnic.


Remember that <Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/> does not always have to mean "<Jps colour="c1" text="if"/>" it can also mean "<Jps colour="c1" text="when"/>".

* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、太った。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate to much, I got fat (its already a fact, it happened).
* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="とき"/>、太った。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate to much, I got fat (Here it emphasises the time. It sounds like an answer to: "**When** did you get fat?").

* ドアを<Furigana kanji="蹴" kana="け"/>っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、足の骨が<Furigana kanji="折" kana="お"/>れた。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I kicked the door, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I broke my leg.
* ドアを<Furigana kanji="蹴" kana="け"/>っ<Jps colour="c1" text="から"/>、足の骨が<Furigana kanji="折" kana="お"/>れた。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="Because"/> I kicked the door, I broke my leg. 

* マリオはキノコを<Furigana kanji="取" kana="と"/>ったら、大きくなった。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> Mario took the mushroom, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) he got bigger.

* <Furigana kanji="失敗" kana="しっぱい"/>し<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、どうする？　
* What <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I fail?

* 俺が実はスパイダーマン<Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/>、どうする？　What <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/>　I am actually Spiderman?
  * Noun + <Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/>


* かわい<Jps colour="c1" text="かったら"/>。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is cute.

* その映画が面白<Jps colour="c1" text="かったら"/>、見る。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> the movie is interesting, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will watch it.
  * い-adjective + <Jps colour="c1" text="かったら"/>　*(past tense + ら)*


* 静か<Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/>。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is quiet.
  * な-adjective + <Jps colour="c1" text="だったら"/> *(past tense + ら)*


**Negation forms**

* Verb + なかったら
  * 行かなかったら　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I dont go
* い-adjective (い > く) + なかったら
* な-adjective (な > じゃ) + なかったら
* Noun + じゃ + なかったら

* 私が行<Jps colour="c1" text="かなかったら"/>、どうする？　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I don't go, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> what do I do?

* 間に合<Jps colour="c1" text="わなかったら"/>、先に行ってね。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I don't make it on time, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) go ahead (without me).

* 好きじゃ<Jps colour="c1" text="なかったら"/>、食べなくてもいいよ。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you don't like it, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) you don't have to eat it.

##### Past form

* 食べすぎ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、気持ち悪くなった。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I ate too much, I felt sick.


##### て and たら

There is also a difference in the nuance to "then".

* テレビをみて、寝た。　
* I watched television and <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> went to sleep.
  * But note that clause 1 is not a cause for clause 2. Its an order of things.

* テレビをみ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、寝た。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> I watched television, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/> went to sleep.
  * Here, watching television is the cause of going to sleep.

* ~<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、...て（ください） 
  * When / if ~, (please do...)

* 暑かっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、窓を開けてください。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> it is hot, please open the window.

* 見つかっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、電話してください。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When"/> you find it, please call me.

See also the [ば](#ば) form for these request forms.

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#### なら

なら is used a a conditional if.

* Conditional　＞　Grammar　＞　Outcome
* Verb **Dictionary-form**　＞　なら

Note, sometimes の or ん is placed before なら、but it does not change the meaning.

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* 日本に行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、まずカメラを買う。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I go to Japan, I will get a camera first.
  * Here, you cannot use <Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/> because you want to do something before the other thing happens. <Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/> should be used instead.
  * Clause 2 happens first, then clause 1 happens.

---

* 東京に行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、<Furigana kanji="浅草" kana="あさくさ"/>がおすすめだよ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you go to Tokyo, I recommend Asakusa!

* コンビニに行く<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、コーラを買ってきて。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you go to the convenience store, buy me a Cola.

---

Difference between たら and なら.

* <Furigana kanji="大統領" kana="だいとうりょう"/>になっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、お金持ちになる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I become president, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will be a rich person.
  * *(clause 2 is a direct result of clause 1).*


* <Furigana kanji="大統領" kana="だいとうりょう"/>になっ<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、お金持ちになる。　
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I become president, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I will be a rich person.
  * *(First you need the money, in order to become president).*


* 日本に住ん<Jps colour="c1" text="だら"/>、日本語が話せるようになる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I live in Japan, (<Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>) I will be able to speak in Japanese.
* 日本で働きたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、日本語を勉強しなきゃ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I want to live in Japan, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I must study Japanese.


* 明日雨が降っ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic. 
  * *(This does not sound like you just found out about the rain, but more like: if A then B. There is no context)*


* 明日雨が降る<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、ピクニックに行かないほうがいい。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it rains tomorrow, we should not go for a picnic. 
  * *(You already know it might rain, so given the context of A, then B.)*


* 頭が痛かっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> your head hurts, you should take medicine. 
  * *(no context, just a statement)*


* 頭が痛い<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、薬を飲んだほうがいいよ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> your head hurts, you should take medicine. 
  * *(context, maybe your friend told you he or she has a headache)*


なら is also used in situations where you do something because someone said so. If you say/do A, I will do B.

* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>がそう言う<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you (senpai) say so.

* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>がそう言う<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、　私も行きます。　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you (senpai) say so, I will go too.
* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>が好き<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、この曲はすごいはず。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> senpai likes it, then this music it must be awesome.

* <Furigana kanji="先輩" kana="せんぱい"/>がタバコをやめる<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、私もタバコをやめる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> senpai quits smoking, I will quit smoking too.


##### 例文

* ドレスをかう<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、まず<Furigana kanji="痩" kana="や"/>せる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I buy a dress, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) I will lose weight first.


* 子供がほしい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、結婚しなきゃ（だめだ）。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want a child, (<Jps colour="c1" text="first"/>) you must get married.
  * なきゃ（だめだ）means: its no good if you dont do...


* <Furigana kanji="渋谷駅" kana="しぶやえき"/>に行きたいんですが。
* I would like to get to Shibuya station.
* ↳ <Furigana kanji="渋谷駅" kana="しぶやえき"/>に行きたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、　JR<Furigana kanji="山手線" kana="やまのてせん"/>に<Furigana kanji="乗" kana="の"/>り<Furigana kanji="換" kana="か"/>えてください。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you would like to go to Shibuya station please transfer to the [JR Yamanote line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanote_Line).


* <Furigana kanji="携帯" kana="けいたい"/>を使う<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、外に出てください。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want to use your phone, please go outside.


* <Furigana kanji="負" kana="ま"/>けたくない<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、強くならなきゃだめだ！
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you do not want to lose, you must become stronger!
  * 強くなら　To become strong


* 日本語が上手になりたい<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>、　もっと練習しなきゃ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you want to become better at Japanese, you have to practice.


* <Furigana kanji="緑茶" kana="りょくちゃ"/>がありますか。
* Do you have green tea?
* ↳ <Furigana kanji="紅茶" kana="こうちゃ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>あります。
* We have black tea (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> green tea)

* Lサイズがありますか。
* Do you have size L?
* ↳ XL<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>あります。　
* We have XL (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> L).

* 大阪に行ったことがありますか。
* Have you been to Osaka?
* ↳ 京都<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>行ったことがあります。
* I have been to Kyoto (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not"/> Osaka).

* あなた<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>出来る！
* You can do it (<Jps colour="c1" text="but others cannot"/>).

* 五分<Jps colour="c1" text="なら"/>話せます。
* I can speak for 5 minutes (<Jps colour="c1" text="but not longer"/>).

---

#### ば

It emphasises the **condition**, as a means to achieve your goal.

It is also used to ask for **advice**.

The outcome of the condition for ば is usually a **desirable** event.

* Conditional　＞　Grammar　＞　Outcome
* Verb **え-vowel-form**　＞　ば
* 読む　＞　読め　＞　読めば　(五段 verbs)
* 食べる　＞　食べ<Jps strikethrough=true text="ます"/>　＞　食べれば　(一段 verbs)

* する　＞　すれば
* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る　＞　<Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>れば

---

* A<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、B > If / When A happens, <Jps colour="c1" text="then"/>, B happens. There is more emphasis on the B clause here.
* A<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、B > If A happens, B happens. There is more emphasis on the A clause here.

* これを読め<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、わかります。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you read this, you will understand.

* セールに行け<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、服を安く買える。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you go to a sale, you can buy clothes cheaply.
  * The emphasis is on the sale here.


* 質問があれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、いつでも聞いてください。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> you have any questions, just ask anytime.
  * ある is used to express a state of being.


* どうすれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、日本語が上手になりますか。　*(Asking for advice)*
* How can I become better at Japanese?

* 美味しい物を食べれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、幸せになる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I eat delicious things, I will become happy.

##### ない-form, negative form

* 行く　＞　行かない　＞　行かなければ

##### ば and と

Same meaning. But と is more factual and ば emphasises the condition.

* ここにお金を<Furigana kanji="入" kana="い"/>れ<Jps underline=true text="る"/><Jps colour="c1" text="と"/>、きっぷが出てくる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you insert money here, a ticket (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) comes out.
* ここにお金を<Furigana kanji="入" kana="い"/>れ<Jps underline=true text="れ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、きっぷが出てくる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="When / if"/> you insert money here, a ticket (<Jps colour="c1" text="always"/>) comes out.

##### ば and たら 

* <Furigana kanji="翼" kana="つばさ"/>があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、飛べる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had wings, I could fly.　（focus on what happens if you have wings）
* <Furigana kanji="翼" kana="つばさ"/>があれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、飛べる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had wings, I could fly.　（focus on the wings themselves, if only I had wings）

* お金があっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、家がかえる。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, I could buy a house.　*(emphasis on what would happen, you may already have the money)*
* お金があれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、家が買える。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I had money, I could buy a house.　*(emphasis on the if-part, maybe you do not have the money)*

* 晴れ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I want to go to the beach.
* 晴れ<Jps underline=true text="れ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、海に行きたい。 *(Hypothetical situation)*
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is sunny, I want to go to the beach.

---

Conjugation for verbs is done by changing to <Jps colour="c2" text="え"/> and add <Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>.

* 食べる　＞　食べ<Jps colour="c2" text="れ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* 見る　　＞　見<Jps colour="c2" text="れ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* 書く　　＞　書<Jps colour="c2" text="け"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* 話す　　＞　話<Jps colour="c2" text="せ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* する　　＞　す<Jps colour="c2" text="れ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る　　＞　<Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/><Jps colour="c2" text="れ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>

For adjectives:

* い-adjectives change to: <Jps colour="c2" text="けれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* 寒い　　　　＞　寒<Jps colour="c2" text="けれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* かわいい　　＞　かわい<Jps colour="c2" text="けれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* いい　　　　＞　よ<Jps colour="c2" text="けれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
* かっこいい　＞　かっこよ<Jps colour="c2" text="けれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>

な-adjectives tend to be used only in formal speech. The たら form is mostly used.

* な-adjectives change to: <Jps colour="c2" text="であれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/> / <Jps colour="c2" text="なら"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>
  * 「<Jps colour="c2" text="であれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>」is very official in tone.
  * 「<Jps colour="c2" text="なれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>」is only used in writing.

* 静かな　＞　静か<Jps colour="c2" text="であれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>　＞　静か<Jps colour="c2" text="だっ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>　<Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is quiet.

---

ある and いる are exceptional verbs that can be used with <Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/> even when clause B is "~て（request）".
* Adjective / ある / いる + ば、...て（ください）。　When / if, (please do...)

* 暑<Jps underline=true text="けれ"/><Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、窓を開けてください。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> it is hot, please open the window.

---

It is also used for asking and giving advice.

* どうすれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、日本語が上手になりますか。
* How can I improve my Japanese?　(lit. <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I do how...)

* もっと勉強すれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>、日本語が上手になるよ。
* <Jps colour="c1" text="If"/> I study more, my Japanese will improve.　(the outcome will be good)

Or expressions of regret, like: "it would have been good if..."

* 試験の前に、もっと勉強すれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I studied more before the exam.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I studied more...)

* 飛行機に乗る前に、食べれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I had eaten before getting on the airplane.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I had eaten...)

* 電話番号を聞け<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I had asked her phone number.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I asked...)

* カメラを持ってくれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I had brought my camera.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I brought...)

And its negation form:

* パーテイーに<Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>なけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I didn't come to the party.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not come...)
  * <Furigana kanji="来" kana="く"/>る　＞　<Furigana kanji="来" kana="こ"/>ない


* 何も言わなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。　
* I wish I did not say anything.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not say...)
  * 言う　＞　言わない


* <Furigana kanji="秘密" kana="ひみつ"/>を教えなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I did not tell my secret.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not tell/teach...)
  * 教える　＞　教えない


* このゲームを買わなけれ<Jps colour="c1" text="ば"/>よかった。
* I wish I did not buy this game.
* (lit. It would have been good <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> I did not buy...)
  * 買う　＞　買わない

---

#### もし

Puts more <Jps underline=true text="emphasis"/> on "if" to make it hypothetical. Is used in combination with: たら、なら and ば.

It usually is at the start of the sentence.

* もし一億円あっ<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、どうする？
* What would you do <Jps colour="c1" text="if"/> you had 100 million yen?

* もし<Furigana kanji="妊娠" kana="にんしん"/>してい<Jps colour="c1" text="たら"/>、何て言う？
* What would you say if I am pregnant?　(here, a lot more emphasis is put on that it is hypothetical)

---

#### 関係する動画

* ["IF" / "WHEN" （と vs たら vs とき) - part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-THHO4iHWE) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
* ["IF" / "WHEN" たら - part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFX0AaNhlEw) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
* ["IF" conditional なら - part 3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_c3V882am0) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)
* ["IF" ば & もし & "I wish I did - part 4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELgHWErsA_k) by: [Japanese Ammo with Misa](https://www.youtube.com/@JapaneseAmmowithMisa)

* [Mastering Japanese Conditionals: と, たら, ば, なら](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocZfV_3gAM0) by: [Learn Japanese with Moon-chan](https://www.youtube.com/@JapanesewithMoon-chan)

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